DAGA
Muhammad Mustapha Umar
Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya
Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo, Sakkwato
GABATARWA
Kowane harshe na duniya yana da rumbun kalmomi wanda ke ƙunshe da yalwatattun kalmomi, domin amfanin majiya harshe.
Rashin isassun kalmomi na kawo giƂi matuƙa ga
harshe, wannan ma ya sa batun aro ya zama ƙawa ga rayayyen harshe. Saboda haka, a ilimin ginin jimla
ko magana akwai salon da ake amfani da shi na harhaɗa kalmomi wuri ɗaya domin
su ba da wata ma’ana karƂaƂƂiya. A taƙaice, wannan haɗaka ita ke haifar da ganga ko ganga mai
dangantaka ko kuma cikakkiyar jimla. Wannan jimla tana iya kasancewa mai sauƙi ko mai sarƙaƙiya.
A cikin wannan maƙala, za mu yi taƙaitaccen tsokaci kan ganga, da wakilin suna
mai dangantaka da kuma ganga mai dangantaka. Sannan daga bisani za mu kawo
bayani a kan daɗaɗɗiya da sabuwar hanyar da ake amfani da ita wajen samar da
ganga mai dangantaka a Hausa. Duk waɗannan bayanai za su zo ne tare da kawo
misalai domin tabbatar da hoƂƂasar da masana suka yi dangane da wannan babban
al’amari. Daga ƙarshe akwai jawabin kammalawa.
GANGA
A ra’ayin Sani (1999), ganga wani jerin kalmomi ne na nahawu, wanda bai kai
jimla ba. Haka kuma, shi wannan jeri haɗe yake da aikatau.
Ganga tana fayyace ma’anar suna, wanda ke zuwa a yankin suna a cikin jimla. Ana
iya gane gangar a duk lokacin da aka ci karo da wakilin suna mai dangantaka.
Wehmier (2006), ya bayyana ganga a matsayin gungun kalmomin suna da aikatau waɗanda
ke gina jimla ko wani sashi na jimlar. Murthy (2007), shi a ganinsa ganga ajin
kalmomi ne waɗanda ke gina sashen jimla, kuma sukan ƙunshi suna da abin da aka
faɗa game da suna.
A taƙaice, ganga na nufin haɗuwar kalmomi waɗanda suka ƙunshi fa’ili da kuma
abin da aka faɗi game da fa’ilin. Sai dai wannan tsari na harshen Hausa ne da
wasu harsuna da ke da irin wannan tsari, inda ake samun yankin jimla wanda ke
zuwa ba tare da aikatau ba, kamar ‘Musa malami ne’ a Hausa ko ‘John is a
business man’ a harshen Ingilishi da sauransu.
WAKILIN
SUNA MAI DANGANTAKA
Wakilan suna masu dangantaka da aka fi sani a Ingilishi su ne who/whom,
whoever, whose, that da which. Waɗannan wakilan suna masu dangantaka suna aikin
gabatar da ganga mai dangantaka domin ta sami damar haɗa gangar sifa da bayanau
dogarau da yankin ganga tsayau. Gangar sifa da bayanau dogarau suna fayyace
kalma ko yanki ko kuma wani bayani daga yankin ganga tsayau.
(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/relative-pronouns), Wakilin suna mai dangantaka na nufin
ƙananan gungun kalmomi ne da ke wakiltar suna, waɗanda kuma ake amfani da su
wajen gabatar da ganga dogarau. (Byrd, Beverly & Heinle, 1992)
Wakilin suna mai dangantaka shi ne ake amfani da shi domin a gabatar da ganga
mai dangantaka. Ko kuma domin a gane ta ko domin tantance ta a cikin jimla.
Wakilin suna mai dangantaka kan haɗa ganguna biyu ne kai tsaye, sannan su koma
matsayin ganga ɗaya mai cike da sarƙaƙiya. Wakilin suna mai dangantaka na
wakiltar suna. Saboda yakan zo ne a bagiren suna yayin da suna ya yi balaguro
ko kuma ya sami uzurin rashin halartowa. Wakilin suna mai dangantaka shi ne
wakilin suna da ke nuna ganga mai dangantaka a cikin cikakkiyar jimla. Ana
kiran sa wakilin suna mai dangantaka saboda dangantakarsa da kalmomin da yake
fayyacewa. Ga misalin kalmomin da ake kira wakilan suna masu dangantaka:-
Ingilishi: who, which & that
The woman that sent the letter.
John who visits frequently is ill.
Houses which overlook cost more.
Hausa: wanda, wadda, waɗanda da kuma da. Waɗannan kalmomin na wakilin suna
sukan ɗauki tsarin nahawu kamar haka:
Wanda: Mutun na uku, namiji, tilo (3MS)
Wadda: Mutun na uku, mace, tilo (3FS)
Waɗanda: Mutum na uku, jam’i (3PL)
Ita kuma kalmar ‘da’ ta haɗa dukkanin sigogin waɗancan ukun. Abin nufi a nan
shi ne, ana iya amfani da kalmar ‘da’ a matsayin tilo ko jam’i da kuma jinsin
mace da na namiji.
GANGA
MAI DANGANTAKA
Ganga mai dangantaka ganga ce mai fayyace yankin suna da na wakilin suna a
cikin jimla. Haka kuma, ganga mai dangantaka na matsayin ganga
dogarau wadda ba ta iya zama ita kaɗai a cikin jimla. Babban aikin da take yi
shi ne fayyace suna, wato yankin suna a taƙaice. Newman (2000), ya tofa
albarkacin bakinsa inda yake cewa; Ganga mai dangantaka kan zo ne kafin yankin
suna (suna ko wakilin suna) wanda ganga mai dangantakar ke fayyacewa. Kuma ana
amfani da wakilan suna masu dangantaka domin gabatar da ganga mai dangantaka,
sai dai dole a sami daidaito ko tarayya ta fuskar adadi da jinsi da fa’ili ko
suna a yankin suna. Parkinson (2003), shi kuwa ya kalli ganga mai dangantaka a
matsayin ganga dogarau kuma kalmomi ne masu fayyace suna. Misali;- John read
the book that Mary loaned to him. Kalmomin da aka ja wa layi su ne ganga mai
dangantaka. Kuma sukan zo ne saboda dangantakarsu da ajin suna ‘book’ wanda
suke fayyacewa. Ganga mai dangantaka ita ake kira ganga dogarau wadda ke
fayyace yankin suna, musamman suna. Misali;- Yankin jimla na “the man who
wasn’t there” ya ƙunshi suna “man” wanda yankin ganga mai dangantaka na “who
wasn’t there” ke fayyacewa. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/relative-clause)
TSOHON
ALƘAWALI
A tsohon alƙawali babu wani takamammen tsari da ake amfani da shi wajen nuna
irin yadda ake samar da ganga mai dangantaka, sai dai kawai ana gane ganga mai
dangantaka ne ta hanyar ganin wakilin suna mai dangantaka, wanda ke aikin
gabatar da ganga mai dangantaka .
Yadda wannan al’amari na nazari ke kasancewa shi ne, a duk lokacin da jimla ta
zo da ɗaya daga cikin wakilan suna masu dangantaka to, wannan jimla za a ɗauke
ta a matsayin mai ƙunshe da ganga mai dangantaka.
Saboda haka, idan aka yi la’akari da wannan tsari za a ga ba ya maganar yadda
ake samar da jimla mai ganga mai dangantaka sai dai alamunsa da kuma yadda ake
gane shi ta hanyar wakilan suna masu dangantaka. A taƙaice, ita wannan hanyar
nazari ta tsohon alƙawari ita ce daɗaɗɗiyar hanya, kuma mafi sauƙi domin rashin
zurfafawa wajen wasu fannoni masu dangantaka.
SABON
ALƘAWALI
A sabon alƙawali da kuma fahimtar zamani akwai ingantacciyar hanyar da ake bi
domin samar da ganga mai dangantaka ba kamar inda aka fito ba.
Akwai hanyoyi uku muhimmai da masana suka fito da su, domin amfani da su wajen
samar da ganga mai dangantaka. Idan kuma ba a yi amfani da waɗannan hanyoyi ba
to, wannan aikin ba zai yiwu ba.
Hanya ta farko: Dole a sami tarayya tsakanin yankin suna na jimla da kuma
ganga, dole waɗannan abubuwa su kasance suna da tsari da aji iri ɗaya ba tare
da wani bambanci ba. Haka kuma, wannan ganga ita ce ke fayyace yankin suna.
Misali:-
‘ Mota (Musa ya a sàyí mota)’
YS J
A magana ta yau da kullum Hausawa ba su faɗar haka, amma saboda wannan aiki na
samar da ganga mai dangantaka ya yiwu to, dole a sami irin
wannan jimla wadda ke nuna tarayya tsakanin yankin suna da wani yankin suna
irin sa cikin gangar.
Hanya ta biyu ita ce, bayan an sami tarayya tsakanin yankin suna da takwararsa
na cikin ganga kamar yadda aka gani a misalin da aka kawo, sai a sauya wannan
yankin suna na cikin gangar da ta yi tarayya da yankin suna zuwa wakilin suna
mai dangantaka. Kafin a yi wannan sauyi dole sai an nemi wakilin suna mai
dangantaka da ke da aji da tsari iri ɗaya da kalmar da za a sauya da wadda za
ta maye gurbinta.
Abin nufi a nan shi ne za a maye gurbin kalmar ‘mota’ da ke cikin gangar ko
jimla da kalmar ‘wadda.’ Misali ita kalmar ‘mota’ tana da tsari da aji kamar
haka: Tilo, suna da jinsin mace. Saboda haka, za a maye gurbinta ne da wakilin
suna mai dangantaka mai irin wannan tsari. Saboda haka, kalmar ‘wadda’ a
matsayinta na wakilin suna mai dangantaka ita ce ta dace da tsarin kalmar
‘mota’ da za a maye gurbinta. Saboda haka, misalin jimlar da muka kawo a hanya
ta farko na
‘Mota (Musa ya a sàyí mota) zai koma ‘Mota (Musa ya a sàyí wadda)’
A nan za mu iya cewa an sami sauyin kalmar ‘mota’ zuwa kalmar ‘wadda’ domin
kawai a aiwatar da wannan aiki da aka fara na samar da ganga mai dangantaka.
Hanya ta uku ita ce ta hanyar gushi. Wato, za a sami gushin kalmar ‘wadda’ mai
matsayin wakilin suna mai dangantaka wadda ta maye gurbin kalmar ‘mota’ a hanya
ta biyu. Wannan kalma za ta yi gushi ne zuwa farko ko gaban ganga, wanda yin
haka zai tabbatar da wannan fahimtar zamani da ake amfani da ita wajen samar da
ganga mai dangantaka. Ga yadda misalin zai kasance.
‘Mota (Wadda Musa ya o sàyáá)’
Idan aka yi la’akari da wannan misali na uku kuma na ƙarshe, za a ga an sami
wasu sauye-sauye. Wannan ya faru ne saboda a harshen Hausa duk lokacin da aka
sami gushi a cikin jimla to, ya zama wajibi lokaci ya sauya. Sannan shi ma
giredin fi’ili zai sauya babu ko tababa. Haka kuma, duk lokacin da hakan ta
faru wato, aka sami gushin kalma daga wani bagire zuwa wani to, a nan wajibi ne
a sami inuwar wannan kalma. Wannan inuwar ana samun ta ne a bagire ko wurin da
kalma ta koma bayan gushin. Kamar yadda misali ya nuna giredin fi’ili ya sauya
daga – i (ƙs) zuwa – aa (ƙs) ita kuma kalmar ‘sayi’ za a ga tana buƙatar
maf’uli amma kalmar fi’ili ta ‘sayaa’ tana zuwa ne a jimlar da babu maf’uli da
kuma lokacin da aka sami inuwa da kuma jimlar da ke maganar sanannen maf’uli.
A taƙaice, ga jimlolin da muka kawo a matsayin misali a sama a cikin hanyoyin
samar da ganga mai dangantaka.
Mota (Musa ya a sàyí mota)
Mota (Musa ya a sàyí wadda)
Mota (wadda Musa ya o sàyáá )
Waɗannan jimloli sun ƙara tabbatar da hanyoyi uku da muka yi bayani, waɗanda
ake amfani da su wajen samar da ganga mai dangantaka ta fuskar fahimtar zamani.
Ga wasu jimloli waɗanda wannan tsari zai iya haifarwa. An samar da waɗannan ne
sakamakon amfani da hanyoyin nan uku da manazarta suka fito da su, waɗanda ake
amfani da su wajen samar da ganga mai dangantaka.
Gida (Ali ya a gínà gida)
Gida (Ali ya a gínà wanda)
Gida (Wanda Ali ya o gínà)
Mata (Lami ta a màrí mata)
Mata (Lami ta a màrí wadda)
Mata (wadda Lami ta o màráá)
Kuɗi (yara su n tsìncí kuɗi)
Kuɗi (yara su n tsìncí waɗanda)
Kuɗi (waɗanda yara suka tsìntáá)
A cikin Ingilishi ma haka abin yake. Ga misalin yadda ake samun rikiɗewar
jimloli a ƙarƙashin wannan hanya.
I know the woman (John will marry the woman)
I know the woman (John will marry who)
I know the woman ( who John will marry)
Waɗannan jimloli ɗan ƙarin haske ne dangane da yadda nazarin ke gudana a
harshen Ingilishi, sai dai ba a rasa wasu ‘yan bambance-bambance nan da can da
ba su taka kara suka karya ba. Kamar yadda masana ilmin harshe suka bayyana,
harsuna kan yi tarayya a wani fanni ko wasu fannoni, amma akan ci karo da ‘yan
tsirarun sigogi da kan sallace bisa tsari na harshe da kuma samar da kafar cuɗanya.
Nazari na ƙwaƙƙwafi shi kaɗai ne ke iya tabbatar da ingancin ire-iren waɗannan
muhimman Ƃangarori.
Ita wannan hanya ta sabon alƙawali tafi zurfafawa a cikin binciken
bambance-bambance da ake samu a cikin harshe. Bugu da ƙari, wannan hanyar
sabuwa ta nazari kamar ci gaba ne na inda aka tsaya da bincike a tsohon
alƙawali. Bisa wannan dalili wannan hanya tana fayyace bambance-bambance a
nahawunce.
KAMMALAWA
Kowane harshe yana da dabarun da yake amfani da su wajen samar da muhimman
abubuwa musamman irin su ganga mai dangantaka da sauransu.
Haka kuma, mun kalli wannan al’amari tun yadda aka fara shi yana a matsayin
tsohon alƙawali har zuwa lokacin da aka sami bayyanar sabon salon nazari. Waɗannan
hanyoyi da aka samu sakamakon zamani sun taimaka ainun wajen faɗaɗa nazari da
inganta harshe musamman na Hausa da muke magana akai. Saboda haka, yin bincike
ya zama wajibi ga musamman mu ɗalibai domin ƙoƙarin tono galmar da ta daɗe a
binne. Wannan shi zai taimaka domin samun sabbin hujjoji da za su zama madogara
a al’amarin harshe.
RATAYE
Rataye ya ƙunshi wasu keƂaƂƂun kalmomi na nahawu da aka yi amfani da su a cikin
wannan maƙala.
HAUSA INGILISHI
Abin da aka faɗi game da suna Predicate
Aikatau Verb
Aji/tsari Grammatical class
Fa’ili Subject
Fahimtar zamani New sight
Ganga Clause
Ganga dogarau Subordinate clause
Ganga mai dangantaka Relative clause
Ganga Tsayayya Independent clause
Giredi Grade
Giredin fi’ili Verbal grade
Gushi Movement
Inuwa Trace
Jam’i Plural
Jinsin mace Feminine
Jinsin namiji Masculine
Lokaci Tense
Maf’uli Object
Mutum na biyu Second person singular
Mutum na ɗaya First person singular
Mutum na uku Third person singular
Sanannen maf’uli Understood object
Sarƙaƙƙiya Complex
Suna Noun
Wakilin suna maidangantaka Relative pronoun
Yankin suna Noun phrase
MANAZARTA
Aarts, B. 1997. English Syntax And Argumentation. New York: Palgrave Macmilan
Amfani, A.H. 2004. ALH 403: Issues in Hausa Syntax. Lecture Note. 2004/2005
Session, DNL. Sokoto: Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo University.
Bargery, G.P. 1951. A Hausa-English DictionaryAnd English-Hausa Oxford.
Byrd, P, Beverly, B. & Heinle, H. 1992. Relative Pronouns. Compiled From
Applied English Grammar: Harbrace College Handbook, 11th ed. 571.
En.wikipedia.org/wiki/clause
En.wikipedia.org/wiki/relative-clause
En.wikipedia.org/wiki/relative-pronouns
Galadanci, M.K.M. 1976. An introduction to Hausa Grammar. Ibadan: Longman.
Muhammad D. (ed.) 1990. Hausa Metalanguage. Ibadan: University press limited.
Murthy, J.D. (2007) Contemporary English Grammar. Lagos: Bookmaster.
Newman, P. 2000. The Hausa Language: An Encyclopedic Reference Grammar, United
State Of America: Yale University Press,
Newman, P. and Newman, R.M. 1977. A Modern Hausa-English Dictionary. Ibadan:
Oxford University Press.
Parkinson, R.B. 2003: www.WritingForResults.net
Sa’id, M. 2006. Ƙamusun Hausa: Kano, Cibiyar Nazarin Harsunan Nijeriya Jami’ar
Bayero.
Sani, M.A.Z. 1999. Tsarin Sauti da Nahawu Hausa Ibadan: University Press.
Sani, M.A.Z. 1999. Alfiyyar Mu’azu Sani ta 2: Ginin jimlar Hausa a waƙe, Kano:
Gidan dabino publishers.
Wehmier, S. (2006) Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Newyork: Oxford
University Press.
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