Most of the works on the aspect of Hausa language are descriptive. Theoretical analysis is rare. For this reason, the article intended to look at some post syntactic operations during word formation in Hausa language with emphasis on affixes. These post syntactic operations include: Fusion, fission, impoverishment, morphological merger, linearization, ornamentation, syncretism, competition and blocking, allomorphy and productivity. The topics will be discussed from Distributed morphology point of view as explained in details Halle & Marantz (1993, 1994), Halle (1997), Marantz (1997), Embick (2010, 2015).
Bayani
A Kan Wasu Abubuwa Da Suke Faruwa Ga ÆŠafi
A Hausa
Daga
Isah Abdullahi Muhammad (Ph.D)
Department of Nigerian Languages,
Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto. Nigeria
(+234) 07037484144
&
Muhammad Mustapha Umar (Ph.D)
Department Of Nigerian Languages,
Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto. Nigeria
(+234) 08065466400
1.0 Gabatarwa
A nazarin Æ™irar kalma babu abin da ya fi ban sha’awa da burgewa,
kamar ‘ÆŠafi’. WataÆ™ila, wannan ya sa Spencer (1991:14) ya yi wannan
furuci cewa “
“Affixation is morphology par
excellence’ ma’ana:
“ ÆŠafi madara ce ta ilimin Æ™irar kalma mai ban sha’awa”.
Duk wanda yake son nazarin É—afi
(a fahintar wannan takarda) akwai buƙatar
ya lura da waÉ—annan abubuwa biyar, su ne:
a) Ma’anar É—afi a harshen da ake nazari
b) Nau’o’insa
c) Yadda ake samar da É—afin.
d) Abubuwan da suke faruwa ga É—afi.
e) Alaƙarsa
da mai masaukinsa wato ‘saiwa’.
Daga cikin abubuwan da suke
faruwa wajen samar da É—afi (wanda shi ne taken takarda) akwai:
a) ÆŠayantawa (fusion)
b) Biyuntawa (fission)
c) Shafewar ma’ana (Impoverishment)
d) Ƙulli na ƙirar
kalma (Morphological merger) da Jerantawa (Linearization)
e) Ƙarin ƙwayar
ma’ana (ornamentation)
f) Sajewa (syncretism)
g) Gasa da shingewa(competition& blocking)
h) Jirwayen tsarin sauti (allomorphy)
i) Yalwa (productivity).
Duk waÉ—annan
abubuwa ne da suke faruwa bayan tsarin ginin jumla ya ƙare aikinsa (postsyntactic operations). A taƙaice, a wannan takarda za a bisu ɗaya
bayan É—aya tare da kawo ma’anar kowannensu da kuma misalai.
An raba takardar zuwa waÉ—annan sassa: (a) 1.0 gabatarwa da (b) 2.0 Bayani a kan
abubuwan da suke faruwa ga É—afi a Hausa da (c) 3.0 kammalawa da (d) Manazarta.
2.0 Abubuwan
Da Suke Faruwa Ga ÆŠafi
A Hausa[1]
2.1 Ma’anar
ÆŠafi A Hausa
ÆŠafi asali
‘yantacciyar Æ™wayar ma’ana ce mai aiki irin na nahawu, wadda sai daga baya ne take
bayyana a zahiri ko a baɗini a matsayin turkakkiyar ƙwayar kalma wadda ba saiwa ba, kuma wadda kuma da ake ɗafawa a wani
amintaccen muhalli na turken kalma (Saiwa ko kalma). Ana É—afa É—afi ne, domin ajinta
saiwa ko sauya ajin ko kuma, don yin wani ƙarin bayani irin na
nahawu,sannan É—afi, yakan kasance
jagora a cikin kalma.
ÆŠafi a Hausa ya
kasu gida biyu.
a) ÆŠafi ajintau: ÆŠafi ajintau É—afi ne wanda yake nuna ajin saiwar kalma, ko kuma ya sauya ajin kalma.
Misali:
(1) i- kaamaawaa
Kalmar ‘kaamaawaa’ tana Æ™unshe ne da sakakkiyar saiwa (Ö[2]Category-neutral) da kuma ajintai guda biyu na aikatau da na suna bayan
aikatau (vp & np categorizers). Sannan su ne nau’in É—afiajintau mai sauÆ™i. Domin a nan bayan aikin ajintawar ba wani aiki da
suke yi. Amma idan aka ce ‘gidaa’, tana Æ™unshe da saiwa É—aya ‘Ögid-‘ da É—afin ‘-aa’[3]
wanda yake aikin nuna ajin suna da ƙarin fayyace jinsin namiji da kuma nuna adadin tilo.
Wannan shi ne ajintau mai sarƙaƙiya.
b) Ɗafi ba-ajintau:Ya ƙunshi ɗafi mai nuna: mallaka da nasaba da nuna muhallin sifa da abin da ya
gabata da lokaci da taƙi. Misali:
(2) i- riigarsa
ii- huular ƙarfee
ii- farar huulaa
iv- riigar
v- yaa tafi
Bayan
haka, abubuwan da suke faruwa lokacin samar da É—afi
da bayan samar da shi, su ne za a tattauna a sashe na gaba, wato 2.2
2.2 ÆŠayantawa
(Fusion)
Asalin kalmar ‘É—ayantawa’
daga ‘É—aya’ ne, sai aka É—auko
sakakkiyar saiwarta ‘É—ay-‘ aka É—afa É—ofanen
‘-anta’ da ‘-wa’, sai aka sami ‘É—ayantawa’ wato dai suna ne ‘É—an
aikatau’. Da ingilishi É—ayantawa shi ne ‘fusion’.
Halle& Marantz (1993:116) sun
ba da ma’anarta kamar haka:
“ Fusion takes two terminal nodes that are sisters
under a single category nodes and fuses them into a single terminal node”
Fassara:
“ÆŠayantawa
yana É—aukar gundarin Æ™wayoyin ma’ana biyu waÉ—anda
suke ‘yan uwa ne Æ™arÆ™ashin aji É—aya, sai a Æ™ulla su a matsayin Æ™wayar ma’ana É—aya kuma Æ™wayar kalma É—aya”. Muhammad
(2016:5) ya bayyana ma’anarsa kamar haka:
“ Fusion simply fuses features into single terminal
node”.
Fassara: “Cikin sauÆ™i, abin da ake kira É—ayantawa,
Æ™ulli ne da ake yi na Æ™wayoyin ma’ana cikin Æ™wayar ma’ana É—aya”.
Saboda haka,‘É—ayantawa’tana
nufin inda harshe ya É—auko gundarin ma’anoni daban-daban waÉ—anda
suke iya zama tare sai a ƙulla
su a matsayin Æ™wayar ma’ana É—aya[4],
sai kuma a cusa su cikin tubali ɗaya a matsayin ƙwayar kalma ɗaya[5]. Misali
(3)‘wà tà à ’
A misali na (3), kalma ce ‘suna’ ‘tilo’ ‘namiji’. An
zaɓo suna daga ɓangaren azuzuwan
kalmomi, ‘tilo’ kuma daga ‘adadi’ sai kuma ‘namiji’ da aka zaÉ“o
daga ‘jinsi’. Gaba É—ayansu aka Æ™ulla
su wuri É—aya a matsayin Æ™wayar ma’ana É—aya kuma cikin Æ™wayar kalma a matsayin É—afi É—aya
wato ‘-Ã Ã ’. Wannan shi ne É—ayantawa. Sai kuma shi É—afin
ya zaÉ“o saiwar ‘Öwat’ a matsayin mai yin Æ™arin bayani na É—afin.
Wannan ya nuna Hausa tana zaÉ“o gundarin ma’ana na ajintau (suna ko sifa) ta haÉ—a da
adadi (tilo ko jam’i) da kuma jinsi (namiji ko tamata) ta hanyar Æ™ulla su wuri É—aya[6] a matsayin
Æ™wayar ma’ana É—aya wadda za ta
bayyana a matsayin ƙwayar kalma kuma ɗafi ɗaya.
Misali:
4 a) gidaa gidaajee
b) faraa
faraaree
Kalmar gidaa da kalmar‘gidaajee’ duka suna da saiwa
‘gid-‘[7].
Idan aka cusa suna da adadin tilo da jinsin namiji waÉ—anda
dukkansu suna cikin É—afin ‘-aa’, sai a samar da cikakkiyar kalma ‘gidaa’.
Idan kuma aka É—afa É—afin ‘-aajee’ mai É—auke
da suna da adadin jam’i ba takamaiman jinsi, to, sai a samar da cikakkiyar
kalma ‘gidaajee’. Haka abin yake idan saiwar ‘far-‘ ake magana a kan ta. Idan
aka ƙara mata ɗafin
‘-aa’, sai a samar da sifa ‘faraa’wadda take da adadin tilo da jinsin tamata.
Idan kuma É—afin ‘-aaree’ aka Æ™ara wa saiwar ‘far-‘, sai a samar da kalmar sifa
‘faraaree’ wadda take da adadi amma ba jinsi.
2.3 Biyuntawa
(Fission)
Kalmar biyuntawa daga ‘biyu’ ne, an É—auki
saiwarta ne wato ‘biy-‘ aka É—afa mata ‘unta’ da kuma ‘wa’, aka tayar da cikakken
gininta na ‘biyuntawa’wato ‘fission’ da Ingilishi. Har wa yau, Halle &
Marantz (1993:116) sun ba da ma’anarsa kamar haka:
’… a given node may be fissioned into two”.
Fassara: ‘..Æ™wayar
ma’ana É—aya tana iya rabuwa gida biyu’.
Abin da take
nufi shi ne bayan an samar da ƙwayar
ma’ana daga gundarin ma’anoni wajen bayyanarsu (Spell-out), a matsayin Æ™wayar kalma É—aya, sai a sami akasi
ta zo a wurare biyu cikin kalma maimako wuri É—aya.
A Hausa, bayan an zaÉ“o ajin suna da adadin jam’i, ana Æ™ulla su a wuri É—aya
a matsayin Æ™wayar ma’ana É—aya.
To maimakon ta zo a muhalli É—aya, sai ta rabu kuma ta zo muhalli biyu na saiwa.
Dalilin cewa É—aya ce ta rabu, shi ne, da za ka yi amfani da É—aya
ka bar ɗaya, ba za a sami biyan buƙata ba ta sadarwa. Misali idan aka ɗauki
saiwar ‘gulb-‘ aka cusa mata É—afin ‘-aa-‘ kawai, za a sami ‘gulaab-‘, Bahaushe ba
zai gane abin da kake nufi ba, dole sai an Æ™ara É—ayan wato É—afin ‘-ee’, bayan
‘gulaab-‘, sai a sami ‘gulaabee’ wato suna kuma jam’i.
5 a) turaamee
b) kutaaree
Abin da ya faru a nan misali na (5), shi ne, É—afin
ajintau ne da adadin jam’i. Maimakon ya zo a Æ™arshen saiwa, sai ya zo a tsakiyar saiwa da Æ™arshenta. Asali sayyun kalmomin su ne da ‘turm’ da
‘kutur-‘. Sai suka koma, ‘turaamee’ da ‘kutaaree’,
da aka É—afa musu É—afin ‘aa-ee’ wato
ajintau-jam’i, a cikinsu da Æ™arshensu.
2.4 Shafewar
Ma’ana (Impoverishment)
Shafewar ma’ana tana faruwa ne, inda aka shafe wata Æ™wayar ma’ana,ta Æ™wayar kalma wadda can asali akwai ta saboda wani
dalili na tsarin nahawun harshe. Fabrigas (2005:27) ya ba da ma’anar sahafewar
ma’ana kamar haka:
“ ..Impoverishment, Grammar deletes features from the
bundle of a syntactic terminal node”.
Fassara: .. shafewar ma’ana, a cikin tsarin nahawu
yake shafe wasu gundarin ma’anoni daga Æ™unshiyar ma’anoni na Æ™wayar ma’ana”.
Misalin kalmar ‘jaakii’ da ‘jaakaa’ da
‘jaakunaa’. A É—afin ‘-ii’ yana nuna ajin suna da adadin tilo da kuma
jinsin namiji. ÆŠafin ‘-aa’, yana nuna
ajin suna adadin tilo da jinsin mace. Sai ‘-unaa’, shi ma yana nuni ne ga ajin
suna da adadin jam’i. Ya kamata a ce akwai jinsin maza zalla da na mata zalla,
kamar yadda yake a sauran harsuna (kamar larabci). Abin tambaya a nan, shi ne,
me ya sa babu jinsin maza zalla ko mata zalla? Greenberg (1963:90) ya ansa
wannan tambaya kamar haka:
Universal
37: A Language never has more gender categories in non-singular numbers than in
the singular. This latter statement may be illustrated from Hausa, which has a
masculine and feminine gender distinction in the singular but not in the
plural. The opposite phenomenon, to my knowledge, never occurs.
Fassara:
Ƙa’idar bai-É—aya ta 37: Harshe ba
ya taɓa nuna ajin jinsi a wuraren da ba adadin tilo (wato
jam’i) ba, fiye da yadda yake nunawa a tilo. Wannan furuci yana iya zama
gaskiya a Hausa, saboda harshe ne wanda yake bambanta jinsin namiji da jinsin
tamata a matakin tilo, ba a matakin jam’i ba. A iya sanina kishiyar haka, ba ta
taɓa faruwa ba.
Wannan ya isa ya zama hujja cewa Hausa ba ta nuna
jinsi a matakin jam’i. Irin wannan al’amari ne ake kira shafewar ma’ana wato
‘Impoverishment’ da Ingilishi a ra’in Æ™ira-jumla-sak
(Distributed Morphology).
6a) huulaa da huulunaa
b) riigaa da riigunaa
c) jikkaa da jikkunaa
A waÉ—annan misalai na (6), É—ofanan
‘-aa’ duk suna nuna ajin suna da adadin tilo da jinsin mace, amma da aka je
jam’intawa babu jinsi sai kurum ajintau da adadi. Saboda Hausa ba ta nuna jinsi
a matakin jam’i. An shafe gundarin Æ™wayar
ma’anar jinsi (Gender feature) ne aka bar saura[8].
2.5 Ƙulli Na Ƙirar Kalma Da Jerantawa(Morphological Merger&
Linearization)[9]
Ƙulli na ƙirar
kalma yana bayani ne, a kan abubuwan da suke faruwa lokacin ƙulla tubalan ƙwayoyin
kalma (wato É—ofanai) a harshe. Noyer & Harley (1999:5) sun ba
da ma’anarsa kamar haka:
Morphological
merger proposed first in Marantz (1984)was originally a principle of
well-formedness between levels of representation in Syntax.
Fassara:
Ƙulli
na ƙirar kalma wanda ya fara kawo shi a fagen nazari shi
ne ‘Marantz (1984).Asali Æ™ullin
doka ce ta samar da nau’in jumla mai ma’ana a dukkan matakan bayyana fasalin
jumla waÉ—anda ake da su.
Ƙulli ya kasu gida biyu akwai: (a) Ƙulli na ciki (Internal merge) da (b) Ƙulli na waje (External merge). Ƙulli na ciki, shi ne inda harshe yake ɗauko
tubalin ɗafi da turken saiwa sai ya ƙulla su wuri ɗaya a matsayin kalma.
Misali:
7 a) gidaa
b) faraa
c) kaamaa
WaÉ—annan kalmomi, an gina su ne ta amfani da tubali biyu.
Wato tubalin saiwa da na É—afi. Kamar haka: ‘Ögid-‘ da ‘Öfar-‘ da ‘Ökaam-‘. Sai kuma, É—afin
suna ‘-aa’ da É—afin sifa ‘-aa’ da kuma É—afin
aikatau ‘-aa’. Babban abin da wannan yake nunawa shi ne, akwai jinsin É—ofanen
da a kodayaushe a jikin turken[10]
saiwa ake ƙulla su. Haka ma, ƙulli na waje, ƙulli ne da ake yi a tsakanin turken kalma da na ɗafi.
Misali:
8a) tiilasta
b) kaamaawaa
A nan, É—afin ‘-ta’ an Æ™ulla ta ne ga turken kalmar suna ‘tiilas Ø’. Ita ko
‘-waa’an Æ™ulla ta ne ga jikin
kalmar aikatau. Ta farko, ‘Ötiilas Ø’. Ma’ana kalma ce da aka gina da saiwa da
kuma É“oyayyen É—afinsuna. Sai ‘kaamaa’ da aka gina saiwar ‘Ökaam-‘ da É—afin aikatau ‘-aa’.
To sai aka ƙulla ɗafin
‘-ta’ ga turkan ‘tiilas’, ita ko ‘-waa’ ga turken ‘kaamaa’. A nan wannan ya
nuna ga urken kalma kawai ake ƙulla
su, ba ga turken saiwa ba.
Ita ko jerantawa, tana ba da bayani ne a kan wane
tubali ne ake fara samarwa? Sannan inane, tabbataccen muhallinsa a cikin kalma?
Wannan bincike ya gano cewa É“angare na farko da ake fara samarwa na kalma shi ne ‘É—afi’.
Dalili kuwa, a nan neake samun ma’ana ta suna ko sifa ko aikatau ko kuma bayanau.
Sannan ɗafi ne yake da haƙƙen zaɓo saiwar da yake ganin ta dace, sai jerantawa ta kai
saiwa muhallinta na dindindin wanda za ta yi aiki. Misali, Hausa tana zaɓo
gundarin Æ™wayar ma’anar ‘suna’
da ‘adadin tilo’da ‘jinsin mace’ ta Æ™unsa
su wuri É—aya a matsayin Æ™wayar ma’ana, sai a cusa su cikin ‘-aa’ a matsayin É—afi[11].
Daga nan É—afin ‘-aa’ sai ya shigo rumbun sayyun kalmomi, ya zaÉ“o
saiwar ‘jaak-‘ a matsayin wadda za a Æ™ulla
su tare, su ba da kalma. Ita ko daga nan, jerantawa ita take da haƙƙen kai saiwar ɓangaren
hauni na É—afin domin samar amintacciyar Æ™ira. Wato sai ta ba da kalmar ‘jaakaa’.
2.6 Ƙarin ƙwayar
ma’ana cikin É—afi (Ornamentation)
ÆŠafi a harshe yakan sami Æ™ari na ma’ana a dalilin samun kansa a wani muhalli. Har
wa yau Noyer & Embick (2007:305) a kan wannan batu, sun ce
“..certain
morphemes are added at PF”.
Fassara: “..akan Æ™ara wasu Æ™wayoyin
ma’ana kafin a kai matakin Æ™arshe
na furucinsu’.
Kamar‘Jituwa’ (agreement feature) tana daga cikin
ma’anar da ake samun Æ™arinta
musamman a cikin fasali na jumla. Ƙarin
ma’anar yana iya kasancewa ko na sharaÉ—in kwaikwayo (copying)
ko kuma na dacewa a muhallin da ta zo (contextual). A ƙira-jumla-sak ana kiran waɗannan
Æ™wayoyin ma’anar da Ingilishi ‘ Dissociated morphemes’,
wato Æ™wayoyin ma’ana masu
zuwa daga baya. Misali
9a) jaakii ne
b) kaama[12]
zoomoo
A misalan da suke sama, bayan aikin nuna ajin suna da
adadi da kuma jinsi wanda É—afin ‘-ii’ yake yi har wa yau, shi ne madugun nuna
jituwa ta kwaikawayo domin kalmar ‘nee’ ta zo ne a dalilin dacewarsu ta fuskar
adadin tilo da jinsin namiji.Wannan ne sharaÉ—in
kwaikwayo. Da za ka ce ‘*jaakiicee’ za a sami matsala domin babu
daidaito na jinsi, sai dai a ce ‘jaakiinee’. Haka ma, bayan nuna aikatau da É—afin
‘-a’ yake yi, har wa yau, shi ne aka É—orawa masa alaÆ™alanci abin da zai biyo baya, wato ko wakilin suna ko
maf’uli É“oyayye ko suna maf’uli ko kuma na sigar kauce (passive).
A nan, sai ya kasance maf’uli suna ne, ya dace ya biyo baya ba wakilin suna ko
wani na daban ba. Wannan ne, ƙari
na cancanta. Ka ga a nan, É—ofanan biyu wato ‘-ii’ da ‘-a’ an Æ™ara musu wata Æ™wayar ma’ana ta ‘jituwa’[13]wadda
can farko babu ita.
2.7 Sajewa
(Syncretism)
Sajewa
muhimmin batu ne a nazarin ƙirar
kalma, musamman a ra’in Æ™ira-jumla-sak
(Distributed Morphology). Embick (2015:113) ya bayyana ma’anarsa kamar haka:
The term syncretism is used differently in
different description and analytical traditions. In this book, it refers to
situations in which distinct syntacticosemantic enviroments (i.e sets of synsem
features bundled into a morpheme) show the same phonological exponent.
Fassara:
Kalmar ‘sajewa’ ana amfani da ita ta fuskoki daban-daban kamar yadda aka saba
gani a nazarce-nazarce daban-daban. A cikin wannan littafi, abin da ake nufi
shi ne yanayi ne wanda gundarin ma’ana na muhalli daban-daban (wato shi ne inda
gundarin ma’ana na tsatson tsarin ginin jumla da ainihin ma’ana ake Æ™ulla su, a matsayin Æ™wayar ma’ana É—aya)kuma suke nuna
tsarin furuci É—aya.
Sajewa ta kasu
gida biyu: Akwai mai cikakken tsari da ragaggen tsari. Mai cikakken tsari (Systematic
syncretism) ita ce mai nuna gundarin furuci É—aya
kuma ma’ana É—aya. Misali:
10a) huulunaa
b) riigunaa
c) bargunaa
A nan, É—ofanan da aka ja wa layi a misali na (10), siffarsu É—asa
kuma ma’anarsa É—aya wato nuna cewa saiwar sun ace kuma jam’i. Sai kuma
sajewa mai ragaggen tsari (non-systematic syncretism), wato inda aka sami,
ma’ana É—aya furuci daban ko kuma furuci É—aya
amma ma’ana daban. Misali:
11a) bukkookii
b) shugabannii
c) sayaa
d) faraa
Misalan É—ofanan farko (a,b) wato ‘-ookii’ da ‘-annii’ duk
ma’anar da suke nunawa É—aya ce wato bayan nuna ajin sayyun, sai kuma jam’i
amma kuma furuci ya sha bamban. Amma, sai ga shi an sami É—afi furucinsu
É—aya sai dai ma’anarsa ta bambanta domin na farko
aikataune, mai bi masa kuma sifaa misalin (c) da na (d).
2.8 Gasa Da
Shingewa (Competition & Blocking)
Gasa
da Ingilishi shi ne ‘competition’.Ana samun gasa ne ga tubalai (kamar É—afi)
masu aiki ɗaya, sannan kowanne yana gasar ne da manufar a zaɓe
shi a matsayin zakara, kuma a sanya shi a muhallin da zai yi aiki. Dalilan zaɓen ɗaya,
a bar É—aya, yana faruwa ne saboda fifikon cancantarsa ta
fuskar nahawu (Competition for grammaticality). Misali:
12a) gulaabee
b) riigunaa
A waÉ—annan misalai na (12), kowace saiwa an É—afa
mata É—ofanen da ya dace da ita. Wannan ya sa aka sami
amintacciyar Æ™ira mai ma’ana. Da za
a sauya wannan tsari na ƙirar
waÉ—annan kalmomi, misali ‘*riiaagee da ‘*gulbunaa’.
Ba sai an faÉ—a ba, É—ofanan da aka É—afa
ya haifar da rusasshiyar ƙira.
Haka ma, wani lokaci akan sami zaɓin son mai sadarwa (Competition for use) (Embick 2008:61-62).
Misali
13a) ƙasidooji
b) ƙasiiduu
A waÉ—annan
misalai na (13), akwai É—afi biyu, wato ‘-ooji’ da ‘-uu’. Sannan kowanne ya ba
da ƙira madaidaiciya. Haka kuma,duk lokacin da za a yi zaɓen
zakara (Winner) ba a son wanda ya zarce (overspecified).ko kuma wanda ya kasa (underspecified)
da kuma wanda ya saɓa gaba ɗaya (conflict feature) (Siddiqi, 2006, 2009). Gasa ita
take haifar da shingewa ‘Blocking’, domin duk tubalin É—afin
da aka zaɓa aka saka a wani muhalli, wannan zai ba shi damar
shingace masu adawa da shi. Shingewa a fahintar Aronoff (1976:43) “ the non
occurrence of form due to simple existence of another”. Fassara: ‘ ..rashin
zuwan wani tubali saboda kawai wani tubalin a wurin’. Misali:
14a) jaakii
jaakaa jaakunaa
b) farii
faraa faraaree
c) gidaa
*gidanyagidaajee
d) bargoo *barganyaa bargunaa
Abu na farko da za a fahinta daga waÉ—annan
misalai na (14), shi ne, Hausa harshe ne wanda yake da sigogi daban-daban masu
nuna adadi da jinsi.Wannan ya sa duk lokaci da za a samar da wata siga ta jinsi
ko ta adadi to lalle za a fuskanci matuƙar gasa a tsakaninsu. Sannan kuma, akwai shinge domin
misalan (c) da (d) ba su da jinsin mace kamar yadda aka nuna a misalan (14a) da
(14b). Wani ƙarin bayani shi ne, jinsin
namiji da aka jinginawa ‘gidaa’ da ‘bargoo’ ba na haÆ™iÆ™a ba
ne ƙagagge ne domin a zahiri babu gidaa namiji babu gidaa
mace, haka ma ‘bargoo’ abubuwa ne sandararru marasa rai, saboda haka jingina musu
jinsin namiji, jinsi ne kawai irin nahawu ‘ Grammatical Gender’ kamar yadda
Kramer (2009,2014) ta bayyana.
2.9 Jirwayen
Tsarin Sautia ƙirar
kalma (Allomorphy)
Jirwayen tsarin sauti wani al’amari ne muhimmi a fagen
nazarin alaƙar ɓangarorin
ilimin kimiyyar harshe (Linguistic interface). Ga abin da Embick (2015:170) ya
ce game da shi:
The term allomorphy is
sometimesused to refer to any variations in phonological shape that morphemes
undergo when they are combined. Allomorphy can be suppletive or phonological”
Fassara:
Kalmar jirwayen
tsarin sauti a wasu lokuta ana amfani da shi domin nuna duk wani bambanci na
fasalin gundarin tsarin sauti wanda ya shafi ƙwayoyin kalma idan aka ƙulla su. Jirwayen tsarin sauti zai iya kasancewa na
tsarin sauti da wanda ba na tsarin sauti.
Ɗafi shi ne madugu uban tafiya da yake ƙulla alaƙa tsakanin
ƙirar kalma da tsarin sauti (Sani 2011:5). Akasarin
jirwayen tsarin sauti da ƙirar
kalma yana da alaƙa da naso. Misali:
15 a) gÃdà à jéé
b) bÃrìì
Bayanin da za a yi a nan dangane da misali na (15),
shi ne, asalin kalmar gÃdà à jéé daga kalmar‘gÃdáá’ aka samo ta. Da aka zo
samar da jam’i ya kamata ta kasance ‘gidaadee’, amma saboda dokar tsarin sauti
wadda take nuna duk inda wasali /e/ ya gabaci baƙin /d/, yana nashe shi zuwa sautin /j/, wato dai, an
sami inda wasali yake nashe baƙi.
Sannan kada a manta, wannan wasali da baƙin sun zo ne a matsayin ɗafi,
a nan abin ya faru. Haka ma, asali kalmar tana da tsarin karin sauti sama-sama
‘gÃdáá’ amma da aka É—afa mata É—afi mai nuna jam’i
sai tsarin ya sauya zuwa sama-Æ™asa-sama[14]. Kalmar ‘birii’É—afinta
mai nuna ajinta da adadinta da jinsinta shi ne ‘-ii’, yana da kusanci sosai da
wasalin saiwar wato ‘i’ ka ga ke nan, ya zama jituwar wasali ( Vowel harmony)[15].
2.10 Yà lwáá
(Productivity)
Yalwa al’amari ne muhimmi a nazarin Æ™irar
kalma, wanda duk akasarin littafai masu koyar da limin ƙirar kalma suke ware babi guda domin yin bayaninsa. Kaɗan
daga cikin waÉ—annan ayyuka su ne: Aronoff (1976) da Bauer
(1983,1988, 2001) Katamba (1993) da Haspelmath (2002, 2010) da Aronoff &
Fudeman (2005, 2011) da McCarthy(2002) da Plag (2003)[16]
da sauransu. Amma kash! A nazarin ƙirar
kalmomin Hausa yalwa babu shi, wato ba a kai can ba, musamman a akasarin
littafan karatu (Kamar Fagge (2004,2013) da Newman (2000) da Abubakar (2001) da
Jaggar (2001) da Sani (2002) da Amfani (2007)). Bauer (2001:211) dangane da
ma’anar ‘yalwa’ ya ce
“Productivity”
deals with a number of new words that can be coined using a particular
morphological process..”
Fassara:
“Yalwa” ta magana
ne a kan ɗimbin sababbin kalmomi da zaa iya ƙirƙirowata
yin amfani da wata keɓaɓɓiyar hanyar ƙirar
kalma..”
Malamin ya bayyana wasu hanyoyi biyu na gane ‘yalwa a Æ™irar kalma su ne “ Availability” wato ‘yawa’ da “ Profitability”
‘farin jini wajen amfani(da shi ga masu harshe). Katamba (1993:67) ya ce “
Productivity is a matter of degree” Fassara “ Yalwa” al’amari ne mai hawa-hawa”.
Lalle ‘ÆŠafi’ a fagen samar da
kalmomi, hanyace mai matuƙar
yalwa a Hausa. A wani lokaci a kan sami wani É—afi
yana da yalwa. Ga abin da Du & Zhang (2010: 60) suka ruwaito (an ciro batun
ne, daga Bauer (2001;12)) :
“..an affix to be used to coin new complex words is
referred as productivity” Fassara
‘ ÆŠafi
wanda za a iya amfani da shi don ƙirƙarar kalmomi masu sarƙaƙiya
shi ma, ana ce masa ‘yalwa’. Misali:
Dubi waÉ—annan misalai:
16a) san> sani>sananne>sananniya>sanannnu>masani>masaniya>masana
b) riguna> wanduna> alluna>
barguna> jakuna> tarkuna>bankuna>
hukuna>jikkuna> É—unkuna
.
A waÉ—annan misalai na (16 a) an ga irin yadda saiwar ‘san’
ta nuna É—abi’ar yalwa wajen samar da kalmomi takwas. Sai kuma,
misali (16b ) inda aka ga yadda É—afin ajintau mai Æ™unshe da jam’i wato ‘-una’ ya taimaka wajen samar da
kalmomi goma.
3.0 Kammalawa
A taƙaice,
al’amarin da ya shafi abubuwan da suke faruwa ga ‘ÆŠafi’ abu ne mai faÉ—i da
ban sha’awa. Sannan waÉ—annan ‘yan misalai da aka goya a Æ™arÆ™ashin
kowanne ya ƙara fitowa da abin da
suke nufi. Sannan batutuwan da aka kawo za su zama jagora ga mai son zurfafa
nazari a kan É—afi. Baya ga haka, daga cikin abubuwan da suke faruwa an
gano cewa dai, akwai waÉ—anda suke faruwa kafin bayyanar É—afi,
da kuma bayan samuwar É—afi. HaÆ™iÆ™a, Spencer (1991:14) ya yi gaskiya da ya kira ‘ÆŠafi’ cewa “ Affixation is morphology par excellence”
ma’ana “ÆŠafi madarar ilmin Æ™irar kalma ce mai ban sha’awa”.
Manazarta
Tuntuɓi
masu takarda.
[1] Wannan nazari yana gudana
ne, ta lura da manyan aƙidoji
biyu: (a)Aƙidar rarrabewa
ko bambantawa a tsakanin gundarin ma’ana da gundarin furuci wato ‘separation
hypothesis’ da Ingilishi..(b) Sannan da daidaitawa a tsakanin tsarin ginin
kalma da tsarin ginin jumla.
[2] Alama ce mai nuni ga ‘saiwa’
ta ginin kalmomi a harshe.
[3] A zahiri babu gida namiji
balle mace, ƙagaggen
al’amari na nahawu wato da Ingilishi shi ne ‘Grammatical Gender’ Kramer (2009,
2014) ta yi faffaÉ—an bayani a kan batun.
[4] A fahintar ra’in wannan
bincike, ƙwayar
ma’ana É—aya wato ‘morpheme’ tana Æ™unshe da wasu gundarin
ma’anoni ‘features’. Kamar ‘suna’ da ‘adadi’ da ‘jinsi’.
[5] Ba abin mamaki ba ne, a sami
gundarin ma’ana É—aya a matsayin Æ™wayar ma’ana kuma Æ™wayar kalma É—aya.
[6] Da Ingilshi ana kiran wannan
al’amari ‘Bundling of features or features bundling’
[7] Wannan saiwa ce, a ra’in
wannan bincike ‘saiwa’ ba ta da ma’ana balle yin wani aiki na nahawu, sai an
ajinta ta. (Embick, 2012,2015), Panagiotidis (2011,2014).
[8] Ba harshen Hausa kaÉ—ai yake nuna wannan halayya ta shafe Æ™awara ma’anar jinsi a wurin
jam’i ba, har a harshen Rasha kanwar ja ce kamar yadda Bobaljik (2015: 8-9) ya
bayyana.
[9] Ganin cewa suna da kusanci,
ya sa aka haÉ—e su wuri É—aya.
[10]Abin da wannan bincike yake
kira ‘turke’ shi ne da Ingilishi ‘Base’ Bauer (1988:238), ya ba da ma’anar
turke kamar haka: “Base: A base is any item to which affixes may be added.
Roots and stems are special types of base. A base is sometimes termed operand“:
Fassara: Turke: Turke shi ne duk wani tubali wanda ana iya Æ™ara masa É—afi. Da turke da tushe duk nau’o’i ne na turke
na musamman. A wasu wurare ana kiran turke ‘ ginshiÆ™i’. Aronoff & Fudeman
(2005:235), sun ce ‘Base: The root or or stem to which affix attaches’ Fassara:
‘Turke: Shi ne saiwa ko tushe inda zaa É—afa É—afi’.
[11] ÆŠafin da yake nuna suna da
tilo da mace, ba É—aya ba ne, suna da yawa,
harshe yana zaɓo wanda ya fi cancanta . A
nahawun samau (Generative Grammar) ƙarƙashin Minimalisanci (Minimalism)
ana kiran al’amarin ‘Numeration’, wato ‘zaÉ“en gundarin ma’anoni’.
[12] A ra’ayin wannan bincike
cewa wannan É—afi ‘giredi’ kamar rage masa
matsayin ne domin da shi ne saiwar take zama aikatau, saboda haka ajintau ne na
aikatau ‘ verbalizer category’. Sannan a tsarin nazarin Æ™ira-jumla-sak, ana fara ginin
jumla daga matakin sakakkiyar saiwa ‘neutral root’ da É—afin ajintau ‘categorizer affix’, ba daga
matakin kalma ake somawa ba, kamar yadda saba a tsarin nazari na farko. Kuma
shi ne ake kira ‘phase-based analysis’ wato tsarin nazari kula da Æ™ananan tubalai. Ba za ka ce
dole, sai an biyo da wani abu ba, baya ga saiwar da É—afin ajintau ba.
[13]‘Agreement feature’ da
Ingilshi.
[14] Wannan ne Newman (1986) ya
kira ‘Tone-integrating affix’ wato É—afi mai sauya akalar tsarin
karin sauti na farko.
[15]Schane (1973:52) ya bayyana
ma’anar jituwar wasali kamar haka: ‘Vowel harmony is a case in which
vowels agree in certain features’. Fassara: Jituwar wasali al’amari ne,
wanda ake samun wasula sun jitu ta wasu fuskoki.
[16] Littafin da aka wallafa
kacokan a kan wannan É“angare na ilmin kimiyyar
harshe guda É—ayane kawai, wato ‘Morphological
Productivity’ na Laurie Bauer (2001).
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