A cikin wannan rubutu, an yi ƙoƙarin kawo bayani game da mazhabar tarken adabin Hausa.
Mazhabar
Tarken Adabin Hausa
Idris
Abubakar
Hafsat
Muhammad
Hauwa
Mu’azu
Gabatarwa
Kafin mu kai ga yin cikakken bayani a
kan abin da “Tarken Adabin Hausa” ke magana a kai yana da matuƙar muhimmanci mu yi sharhi ko tsokaci a dangane da abin da
ake kira “Tarke” da “Adabi” a Hausa.
Tarke keɓaɓɓiyar
kalma ce da ke nufin tsara sharhi a kan wani matani ko wani da ake nazarta ta
bin ƙa’idojin nazari da
manazarta suka tsara, bisa ra’ayi.
A wata fuskar za a iya cewa “Tarke” na
nufin ka ƙirƙiro wata hanya na musamman na nazarin adabin Hausa (nazarin ƙagaggun labarai ko waƙa
ko kuma wasan kwaikwayo). Tarke a taƙaice
wata hanya ce da ake bi domin a nazarci wani abu ba sai na littafi ba.
Adabi kuwa duk da dai ta sha lailaya a
hannun manazarta, to amma dai mun ga ya dace mu yi tushi don cike wani giɓi.
Hausawa sun aro kalmar ne daga Larabci
wato al-adab tana nufin “Ladabi”, wato “halin ɗa’a,
biyayya, halaye na kirki”. Kalmar adabi a Hausa na nufin ilimin nau’o’in azanci
da fasaha na sarrafa harshe da ya ƙunshi
ƙirƙirarrun
fasahohin magana cikin tsarin waƙoƙi da labarai da tatsuniyoyi da tarihihi da hikimomin iya sarrafa
harshe irin su karin magana, zambo, habaici, gatse, barkwanci, kacici-kacici
d.s.
Tarken
Adabin Hausa
A wannan fage za a yi bayanin matsayi
ko halin da tarken adabin Hausa yake ciki a yau. Amma kafin nan da ya dace mu
yi tushi dan cike wani gurbi dangane da samuwar tarken adabin Hausa, sakamakon
akwai masu zuwa su gabatar da wannan zai fi kyau mu ce kai tsaye kan tarken
adabin Hausa saboda lokaci.
Haƙiƙa tarken adabin Hausa ya daɗe
ana yin sa ta hanyar gargajiya, kuma har yanzu wasu matarkan na yin haka. Sai
dai hanyoyin zamani (mazahabobi) a yanzu kusan sun mamaye fagen tarken. Duk da
cewa kuwa matarkan suna yin sa ne, ko dai da saninsu game da manufofin
mazahabobin, ko da amfani da manufofin kai tsaye, ko kuma da cikakken bayanin
mazahabar da kuma ɗora ta kan matanin adabin Hausa. Bayan mafarkan da ke ta yin
aikinsu ta hanyar tarken gargajiya a da, a yanzu akwai sha’awar amfani da
ra’ayoyi musamman a sassan nazarin adabi na jami’o’i masu amfani da salon
zamani irin wanda mazahabar sababbin matarka ta fito da shi wanda kuma ya sami
karɓuwa ga wasu matarkan adabin a ƙasashen Turai da Amurka.
Ɓullowar
amfani da mazahabobi ta farko ya jawo ka-ce-na-cen da ya daƙushe niyyar wasu matarkan, amma daga baya sai wasu da dama
suka lura da cewa wata dama ce ta samun hanyoyin tarke masu yawa da za a riƙa zaɓa ana yin tarken da su. Wasu matarkan suna aiki da ra’ayoyin
tarken littafi, wasu kuwa suna duba adabin gargajiya, sannan yawanci a yanzu
matarka sun fi mayar da hankali ga rubuce-rubucen mata ko tarken al’adu da ke a
cikin littattafan adabi masu sassan adabi na zamani. Hasalima ma, akwai hanyoyi
da dama na tarken adabi da ake amfani da su a yanzu a wurare daban-daban.
A tarken adabin Hausa kuwa, an sami
wasu matarka da suka riƙa yin nazari da fiɗa
da sharhi da fashin baƙi da kuma ƙalailaice aikin adabin. Ana iya cewa tarken adabin Hausa ya
daɗe ana yin sa. Kusan tun da aka fara aiwatar da adabin Hausa
na baka ake yin sa. Saboda wasu masana na nuna cewa tarke yana tafiya ne tare
da adabi. An daɗe ana gudanar da shi ta hanyar tarken adabin Larabawa kafin
Turawa su zo ƙasar Hausa.
Wuraren
Da Ake Gabatar Da Tarken Adabin Hausa
Saboda haka, a halin yanzu ana gabatar
da tarken adabin Hausa a sassan nazarin harsunan Nijeriya da harsunan ƙasashen waje kamar Larabci da Turanci da Faransanci, a manyan
makarantu da jami’o’in da ake nazarin adabin Hausa a faɗin
Nijeriya da waje. Haka kuma, ana ɗaukar
kowane fanni na adabin Hausa a yi tarkensa a matakin a matakin Diploma ko
Ensi’i NCE) ko tun daga digirin farko zuwa na uku. Bayan haka ana yin sa a
taron ƙara wa juna sani
na masana da matarka na bunƙasa
adabin Hausa daban-daban a cikin gida da waje, da kuma cibiyoyin nazarin
harsuna a ƙarƙashin jami’o’in. misali, A cibiyar Nazarin Harsunan Nijeriya
ta Jami’ar Bayero, Kano.
Bayan wannan, ana yin tarke a gidajen
rediyo da talabijin da ake amfani da Hausa wajen shirye-shiryen su, musamman a
filayen da aka tanada na tattaunawa da masana adabi, don su yi ƙarin bayani game da fannonin adabin na Hausa. Haka batun yake
a kafar sadarwa ta intanet inda ake da shafukan hira ko na bayar da gudummawar
masana kan tarken adabin.
A ɓangaren
mujallu da jaridu ma ana gudanar da tarken adabi a wasu shafukan da ake warewa
don yin sharhi kan wani littafin adabi ko rubutacciyar waƙa ko wani bayanin adabin Hausa. Misali, Jaridar Gaskiya Ta Fi
Kwabo da ta Aminiyya d.s.
A halin yanzu akwai littattafai da
dama na Hausa da Turanci da matarkan adabin Hausa suka wallafa don sauƙaƙa yadda za a yi
tarken adabin Hausa. Misali:
i.
Jagoran Nazarin Waƙar
Baka (1993). Na Sa’idu Muhammad Gusau
ii.
Dabarun Nazarin Adabin Hausa (1995). Na Sa’idu Muhammad Gusau
iii.
Jagoran Nazarin Ƙagaggun
Labarai (2004) Na Isa Muktar d.s.
Ana
kuma samar da tarke a cikin tarurrukan da ake yi na ƙungiyoyin marubuta da manazarta harshen Hausa da ake yi a
shekara-shekara a wurare daban-daban.
Misalan
Matarka Adabin Hausa
Malamai da yawa da za a kira masana
adabin Hausa sun ba da muhimmiyar gudunmuwa wajen ƙirƙiro tare da samar
da tubalan da matakai na nazari tun daga lokacin fassara kalmomin nazari daga
wasu harsuna kamar Larabci da Ingilishi har zuwa fito da matakai da hanyoyin fiɗar
adabi. A halin yanzu akwai hanyoyin nazarin adabin Hausa da yawa:
1.
Farfesa Ɗalhatu
Muhammad – Zariya: Ya fito da hanyoyin da za a yi amfani da su wajen nazarin waƙa tun a 1972/73 kamar haka:
-
Tarihin mawallafi ko makaɗi
-
Jigon waƙa
da warwararsa
-
Salon sarrafa harshe
-
Tsarin waƙa
2.
Farfesa M.K.M Galadanci – Kano:
Ø Gaɓa
-
Tsawon gaɓa, nauyin gaɓa,
gaɓa mai ja da marar ja, gaɓa
mai ɗauri, d.s.
Ø Ƙafafuwa
Ø Turke
Ø Kari/
bahari
Ø Zihafi
-
Gwauron zihafi
Ø Illa
-
Illar daɗi
-
Illar ragi
3.
Farfesa Ɗandatti
Abdulƙadir – Kano:
Ø Jigon
waƙa
-
Raɓa-dannin jigo/warwarar jigo
Ø Kayan
cikin waƙa
-
Ƙwarangwal
-
Doguwar/gwauruwar waƙa
-
Ƙwar-biyu-tarbi’i
Ø Amsa-amo
-
Casar kalma / luguden kalma (ƙarangiya)
-
Ya galgala
-
Ƙara gishiri
-
Kamantawa
-
Muzantawa
-
Shaguɓe d.s.
4.
Farfesa Balarabe Zulyadaini Da Farfesa Mustafa Abba: Su ma
sun kawo hanyoyin da za a iya bi wajen nazarin waƙar baka kamar haka:
1.
Tarihin marubuci / makaɗi
-
Sassalar waƙa
-
Shekara/lokaci da aka yi waƙar
2.
Jigon waƙe
-
Warwarar jigo
-
Jigo a gajarce
3.
Zubi da tsari
-
Mabuɗin waƙa
-
Amshin waƙa
-
Yawan ɗiyoyin waƙa
-
Yawan ɗangon waƙa
-
Gangara
-
Sabi zarce
-
Maimaita batutuwa
-
Ƙulla batutuwa
-
Marufin waƙa
4.
Salon waƙar
baka
-
Miƙaƙƙen salo
-
Salo mai armashi
-
Ragon salo
-
Tsoho/sabon salo
-
Salo na gaba ɗaya
5.
Dabarun fitar da salo
-
fifiko
ƙasƙanci
tsaka-tsaki
-
doguwa
-
Jinsintarwa
-
Mutuntarwa
-
Dabbantarwa
-
Alamtarwa
-
Kambamar zulaƙe
-
Waskiya
-
Kalmomin fannu
-
Tasirin al’adu
-
Azancin magana
-
Zagi
-
Tatsuniya
-
Almara
-
Tashe
-
Abincin Hausawa
-
Tasirin Addini
-
Tufafin Hausawa
-
Sana’o’in Hausa
-
Sarrafa harshe
·
Aron kalmomi
·
Karin harshe
·
Amfani da tsoffin kalmomi
·
Zaɓan kalmomi
·
Ƙirar kalma
·
Sharhi
1.
Farfesa Ibrahim Mukoshy
Wannan shehin malamin yana zaune a
Sakkwato da Zaria. Amma yanzu yana Sakkwato yana karantarwa, ya yi aiki sosai a
Hausa. Sannan a ra’ayinsa ya kawo hanyoyin da za a bi a nazarci zuben baka na
Hausa. Misali, Hanyar da za a bi a nazarci “Tatsuniya” su ne kamar haka:
-
Tauraro/tauraruwa
-
Maƙiyi/maƙiyiya
-
Jigo
-
Zango
-
Ƙashi
-
Hauhawa
-
Ƙololuwa
-
Lokaci
-
Ƙodago
-
Fayyacewa
-
‘yan bi-yarima
-
Salo
2)
Farfesa Ibrahim Yaro Yahaya
Wannan ma babban malami ne na Hausa,
domin su ne suka buɗe ɓangarori daban-daban na Hausa. An haife shi a jihar Kano. Shi
ma a ra’ayinsa ya kawo hanyoyi daki-daki da za a nazarci zube na Hausa.
Hanyoyin da za a bi a nazarci zube su
ne kamar haka:
-
Tubalan gini (tatsuniya ko almarah)
-
Tasiri
-
Masu yi
-
Lokaci da wuri
-
Zubi da tsari
-
Jigo da warwararsa
-
Hikimomin da ke ciki
-
Salon sarrafawa
3)
Farfesa Sa’idu Muhammad Gusau
Wannan ma shehin malami ne ya yi
aikace-aikace da dama a harshen Hausa. Ya kawo hanyoyin da yake ganin za a
nazarci zube kamar haka:
-
Ma’anar abin (tatsuniya/kissa)
-
Asalin abin ma’anar abin (tushensa)
-
Masu yin
-
Lokaci
-
Tubalan gini
-
Wurare da kayayyaki
-
Nau’in abin nazarin (nau’in tatsuniyar)
-
Zubi da tsari
-
Salo na kwaikwayo
-
Dangogin adabin baka (M.S. karin magana, habaici) d.s.
-
Jigo
Haka
zalika wannan masanin ya ƙara kawo hanyar da
za a nazarci waƙar baka. Amma a
nazarinsa ya fi ba da ƙarfi a kan masu
tafiya da kiɗa. Bayan ka gama sauraren waƙar ya ce ga abubuwan da za ka yi nazarin a kansu:
1)
Gabatarwa:
·
Salsalar waƙar
·
Shekarar waƙar
da na mawaƙin da lokacin waƙar
·
Ɗiyar waƙar (ɗangon waƙar)
·
Nasabar makaɗi (tarihinsa)
·
Nasabar wanda aka yi wa waƙar
2)
Turke
·
Muhallin turke
·
Taƙaita turke
·
Warwara da tsattsafe turke
·
Tubalan gina turke
3)
Awon baka
·
Yawan layuka na waƙar
·
Zubin layuka na waƙar
·
Zubin waƙar
·
Tsarin waƙar
·
Rera ɗa kawai
·
Ta’aƙili
·
Karin murya
4)
Salon sarrafa harshe:
·
Salo na gaba ɗaya
·
Adon harshe
·
Kamantawa/tamka
·
Siffantawa / kwalliya
·
Alamtarwa
·
Ƙarangiya / gagara
gwani
5)
Aiwatar da harshe (Nahawun waƙar)
·
Zaɓen kalmomi
6)
Karin harshen
7)
Tsarin jimlar waƙar
8)
Rataye
4)
Farfesa Abdulƙadir
Ɗangambo
Wannan ma wani shehin malami ne a
jami’ar Bayero dake Kano, ya yi rubuce-rubuce a ɓangarori
da dama a Hausa. Ya kawo ra’ayinsa dangane da hanyar da za a bi a nazari
rubutaccen zube na Hausa kamar haka:
-
Sharar fage
-
Tarihin mawallafi
-
Sharhi kan jigon labarin
-
Sharhi kan zubi da tsarin littafin
·
Na gaba-ɗaya
·
Na filla-filla
-
Sharhi kan salon littafin
·
Dabarun jawo hankali (ba-ɗoki,
daga ɗaga hankali, hotuna d.s)
·
Dabarun sarrafa harshe (azancin magana, aron kalmomi,
tsofaffin kalmomi, karin harshe, d.s.).
Haka
zalika wannan masani ya ƙara kawo hanyar da
ta fi dacewa a ganinsa wajen yin nazarin rubutacciyar waƙa. Ɗangambo ya kawo
hanyoyin nazarin rubutacciyar waƙa,
kamar haka:
1)
Bayanin sharar fage:
·
Diddigi/salsalar waƙar
·
Abubuwan tarihin waƙar
2)
Jigon waƙar
da warwararsa
·
Furucin gundarin jigon / ƙwayar
jigo
·
Jigo a gajarce
·
Warwarar jigo
3)
Zubi da tsari
·
Na gaba-ɗaya
·
Na cikin baitoci
·
Yawan baitoci da ɗango
a waƙar
·
Karin waƙar
(Aruli)
·
Amsa-amo/ƙafiya
4)
Salo da sarrafa harshe
·
Salon marubucin na gaba ɗaya
(sauƙi, ƙaƙale, daɗi,
karashi, sabon salo ko tsohon salo ne d.s.)
·
Dabarun salon sarrafawa
- Kwatantawa
* Kamantawa, siffantawa,
jinsintarwa, dabbantarwa, abuntawa d.s.
* Kambamar zulaƙe, jerin sarƙen
daidaito, ƙaranginya, kalmomin
fannu, zubi mai jan rai/ɗaga hankali, gangara, saɓi-zarce,
jinkirin faɗar sakamako d.s.
5)
Sarrafa harshe (Nahawu)
·
Amfani da kalmomi
-
Zaɓen kalmomi
-
Baƙin kalmomi/aron su
-
Tsofaffi, sabbi d.s.
-
Dangantakar kalmomi da junansu, d.s.
·
Tsarin jumloli
·
Ginin ƙirar kalma
·
Sauran abubuwan da suka shafi nahawu
6)
Jawabin kammalawa
5)
Farfesa Isah Muktar
Wannan ma wani shehun malami a wannan
fage ya kawo hanyoyi da mai nazarin ƙagaggun
lbari zai bi ya yi takensa. Hanyoyin da wannan masanin ya kawo su ne kamar haka:
1)
Dabarun bayar da labari:
·
Yanaye-yanayen ruwaito labari
·
Bayar da labari daga bayan fage
·
Bayar da labari daga cikin fage
2)
Magana a cikin labari
·
Bayar da labari cikin kwaikwayo
·
Taɗi a cikin labari
3)
Muryar mawallafi
·
Sharhin mawallafi
·
Kawaicin mawallafi
·
Nuna ra’ayi a cikin labari
4)
Kanun zantuka a cikin labari
·
Tattalin zance a cikin labari
·
Ƙulle zaren labari
·
Kwance ƙullin labari
5)
Nisa a cikin labari
·
Nisa tsakanin mai karatu da mawallafi
·
Nisa tsakanin mawallafi da taurarin labari
·
Nisa tsakanin taurarin
·
Nisa tsakanin mai bayar da labari daga cikin fage da bayan
fage
6)
Amfani da lokaci
·
Lokacin cikin labarin
·
Saɓanin lokaci
·
Zamani
·
Auna saurin labarin marubuci
7)
Bayyana hoton gurbi
·
Amfanin bayyana hoto cikin gurbi
·
Illolin amfani da taɗi
a cikin labari
8)
Zaɓen kalmomi
·
Nagartar kalmomi
·
Tsawon jumloli
·
Nau’o’in jumloli
9)
Jumlar aruli
Baya
ga waɗannan akwai matarkan Hausa da dama irin su:
-
Farfesa Abdullahi Bayero Yahaya Sakkwato
-
Malam Muhammad Sani Ibrahim Kano
-
Malam Salisu Alhaji Sadi-Gusau
-
Alhaji Mudi Sipikin – Kano da kuma
-
Malam Muh’d Balarabe Umar Kano d.s.
A
taƙaice waɗannan
su ne misalan matarkan adabin Hausa da irin hanyoyin tarken da suka kawo wajen
tarken adabin Hausar.
Yawancin matarka a yanzu sun fi yin
amfani da ra’ayoyi ko mazahabobin adabi wajen gudanar da tarkensu. Kuma wannan
bai sa sun sami yawan saɓani ba ko rikici a tsakaninsu.
Kuwa dai yana zaɓar
hanyar da yake amfani da ita wadda ta dace da irin tunaninsa da yanayi ko salo
ko zamanin da yake ciki.
Saboda haka, akan sami matarkan adabin
baka ko adabin zamani masu amfani da tarken gargajiya da na zamani. A na zamani
ma akan sami na ra’ayi ko aƙida
ko mazahabar tarken adabi, waɗanda suke yin tarke da su
kan fannonin da suke sha’awa. Wasu na karkata a kan rubuce-rubucen mata ko na
Adabin Kasuwar Kano (AKK) ko na rubutattun waƙoƙin Hausa ko na
sauran sassan adabi da dama, kamar fina-finai da waƙoƙin baka ko wasan
kwaikwayo d.s. Hasali ma, babu wani fagen adabin da ba a yin tarkensa a adabin
Hausa a yanzu. Wannan ya samar da matarkan tarihi da na zamantakewa da na jinsi
da na tubarkalla da na Markisanci d.s.
Don haka, a bisa bayanan da suka
gabata ana iya cewa a yanzu dai tarken adabin Hausa yana da hanyoyi da dama da
ake gabatar da shi. Kuma ana samun hanyoyi tsayayyu na gudanar da shi ta yadda
ya kasance daidai da takwarorinsa na duniya ta fuskar aiwatar da shi da
hanyoyin tarke na zamani.
Madogara
Tuntuɓi masu gudanarwa.
2 Comments
Allah ya ba mu ikon yin amfani da ilimin da muka koya a cikin wannan aikin
ReplyDeleteSani Adamufaskari
Jazakallahu Khairan My Head boy. Allah ya Kara basira da fahimta.
ReplyDeleteENGLISH: You are warmly invited to share your comments or ask questions regarding this post or related topics of interest. Your feedback serves as evidence of your appreciation for our hard work and ongoing efforts to sustain this extensive and informative blog. We value your input and engagement.
HAUSA: Kuna iya rubuto mana tsokaci ko tambayoyi a ƙasa. Tsokacinku game da abubuwan da muke ɗorawa shi zai tabbatar mana cewa mutane suna amfana da wannan ƙoƙari da muke yi na tattaro muku ɗimbin ilimummuka a wannan kafar intanet.