A wannan takarda an yi nazarin waƙar Sani Sabulu ta “Harƙar Duniya.”
Nazarin
Waƙar
Sani Sabulu Mai Taken “Harkar
Duniya” Duba Zuwa Ga Mazahabar Sigar Adabi
Huwaila
Abubakar
Gabatarwa
Wannan mazahaba ta sigar Adabi tana
binciko tsari ko siga ta wata al’ada ta amfani da wasu dokokin aiwatarwa
(codes), ko ta yin fashin baƙin
tsarin saututtukan harshen. Tsarin sautin ya haɗa
da matanin adabi da sassansa da kuma wasu harƙoƙin al’ada kamar
tallace-tallace da salon kwalliya da batsa da sauran ɗabi’u
da halaye (Hernedi, 2009). Wannan aiki yana ƙunshe
da tarihin sigar Adabi, yaɗuwarsa da kuma
manufofinsa ta yadda zai yi bayanai dalla-dalla kan kowanne daga ciki kamar
yadda aikin zai nuna.
Samuwar
Mazahabar Sigar Adabi
Mazahabar sigar adabi ta samo asali ne
a dalilin yadda wasu matarka suka lura da yadda aka yi amfani da wasu ra’ayoyi
na nazarin kimiyyar harshe wajen gano wasu sassa na ɓoye
masu bayar da ma’ana a cikin adabi da al’adun al’umma, wanda ya kai matsayinsa
a ƙasar Faransa a cikin 1960.
Mazahabar sigar adabi ta faro ne daga
wasu ra’ayoyin nazarin harshe da kimiyyar harsuna, kuma tana lura da wasu sassa
masu ɓoyayyar ma’ana a cikin al’adu da adabin al’umma. Wannan sassa
an danganta su don su samar da sharhi game da aikin adabi da irin tsarin da aka
bi aka fito da shi. Hasali ma, mazahabar sigar adabi na da ra’ayin cewa kowane
abu muka yi na aikin ɗan’adam to, ana bayyana shi cikin harshe ne. mazahabar sigar
adabi ta yi imani da cewa waɗannan alamomi ko wakillan
furuci suna faɗaɗa ne su ma wuce aikin sadarwa na baka ko rubutacce.
Wannan mazahabar ta tarken sigar
harshe da masana da matarkan adabi suka ɗauki
hannu daga gare ta ta samo asali ne daga ayyukan wani mai suna Ferdinand de
Saussure (1857-1913) da ya zama uban masu nazarin kimiyyar harshe na zamani da
suka yi fice wajen gano wasu tsare-tsare na fito da dokoki da ma’anar ɓoye
a cikin nazarin harshe. Ya fito da waɗannan
manufofin ne a cikin wasu ayyukansa da ya yi masu suna, La Langue La Parole
(Language and Speech Act) (1914) da kuma course in General Linguistics (1923)
da sauransu (Macey, 1965:364).
Bayan wannan ƙoƙarin nasa ne aka
sami wasu da suka ɗauki fannin tarken adabi don su samar da wata hanyar tarke ta
dubam, da yadda tarken tarihin adabi da tarken tarihin mawallafi suka mamaye
fannin tarken a jami’o’in Faransa (Junge, BsB: 983). A cikin shekarar 1940 ne
wani mai nazarin baibayi (Anthoropologist) Claudio Leɓistrauss, da wani matarki Roland Berths da
taimakon wasu masana suka ƙirƙiro da mazahabar sigar adabi ta Faransa (Mukhtar 2004:7).
Ruby (1985) a cikin aikinsa na nazarin
gajerun labarai ya nuna cewa, a cikin ƙarni
na 20 ne aka sami wata mazahabar da ke tarken sigar adabi. tana duba yadda
matanin adabi ke iya samar da ma’ana maimakon ma’anar kanta.
Bunƙasar Mazahabar Sigar Adabi
An ƙirƙiro wannan mazahaba ne a Faransa a wajen shekarar 1960. Amma
ta tsiru ne a dalilin wani aiki da Ferdinand De Saussure (1857-1913) ya yi a
Faransa a kan nazarin harshe tun a farkon ƙarni
na 20, mai suna, La Langue La Parde (1914) da kuma Course in General
Linguistics (1923).
Mazahabar ta ci gaba da bunƙasa har ta zama ta nazarin adabi a Faransa ta kuma ƙara bunƙasa a wajen 1960.
Waɗanda suka ƙirƙiro ta sun haɗa da Charles Sanders Peirce da Roland Barthes da Treztan Todoroɓ
da Gerard Genette da Roman Jackobson da Claudio Leɓi-Strauss da Mikhtin
da sauransu. Da kuma ta faro daga Faransa kuma ya yaɗu
zuwa Rasha da Ingila da Amurka a wajen 1960, sannan ta yaɗu
tare da yin tasiri a kan irin bincike-binciken mazauna Amurka masu magana da
Ingilishi, waɗanda suke kiranta da semiotics ko tarken adabi. ta kuma rikiɗa
ta zama mazahabar bi-ƙa’ida da Rasha.
Manufofin
Mazahabar Sigar Adabi
Wasu daga cikin manufofin wannan
mazahaba sun haɗa da:
1.
Tana siffantawa da feɗe
tsarin da aka rubuta adabi kansa.
Wannan
waƙa ta Alhaji Sani Sabulu an tsara ta
ne daki-daki ta hanyar bayyana al’amuran rayuwa, wato yanayin duniya. Ga misali
daga cikin waƙar kamar haka:
“Ka ji harƙar duniya ɗaku
Ka ga Annabi
Don shi aka yi duniya
Domin nai aka yi lahira
Ka ga Annabi ya barku ya
bar duniya,
Balle ni Sani Sabulu na Hajara”.
2.
Tana kula da nazarin kimiyyar harshen da aka ɗora
kan zubi da tsari, ba kan ƙunshiya
ba.
Ita
dai wannan waƙa ba ta da wasu ƙai’dodi na tsari na musamman da aka ɗora
ta sai dai a iya cewa an rera ta ne gunduwa-gunduwa ta hanyar jeranta tunani
domin akwai gangara, wato dangantakar ɗango
da ɗango a cikin waƙar.
Misali:
“Naushi ɗaya
na yi mishi,
Ko da na duba ya faɗi,
Ya tashi yana faɗa
da diri”.
3.
Tana ɗaukar adabi kamar yadda yake da tasiri ko ake aiwatar da shi,
ta bar lura da tasiri da zamantakewar jama’a.
A
taƙaice dai, za a iya cewa wannan waƙa za a iya ɗora ta kan wannan batu,
domin akwai hikima wajen isar da saƙon
cikinta sannan an samu ƙayataccen salon
sarrafa harshe a cikin waƙar. Misali:
“Ina Musa na Hadizatu,
Gaishe ka mijin Kulu,
Gaishe ka Sakataren kiɗa,
Mamman mijin Aisha da
A’i,
Baban Abdul’azizi, Sani
Kantoman kiɗa”.
4.
Tana fito da tsarin ɓoye
tubalan gina aikin adabi (ƙwarangwal)
ko wasu dokoki na aikin adabi. misali, akwai maƙasudin bayyana kowane irin abu wadda yawanci akan bayyana shi
kafin abin ya fara nisa. Ga dalilin wannan waƙa daga cikin waƙar
kamar haka:
“Ni na ji ana faɗi,
Alhaji Sani ya mutu,
Harƙar duniya”.
5.
Tana kula da yadda ake shirya matani don a samar da jerin
ma’anoni a cikinsa
A
nan ana magana ne game da batutuwa da suka haɗu
suka tayar da adabi. Don haka a wannan waƙa
an yi ta kawo bayanai ne na neman tsari game da harƙoƙin duniya, ta
hanyar kwatanta al’amuran da suke faruwa a cikinta. Misali:
“Na ji ana faɗi,
Alhaji Sani ya mutu,
Wai Alhaji Sani Sabulun
Bauchi,
Harƙar duniya,
Ku masoyana kuka dai
kuke,
An ce musu Sani Sabulu
babu shi
Ai ba haka nan ba ne
Ku daina kuka Allah bai
ba
Alhaji Sabulu
Su maƙiya sai murna suke,
Masu adawa na ta farin
ciki,
Sun ji an ce Sani Sabulu
ya rasu”.
6.
Tana duba wasu dokoki na musamman masu samar da aukuwar
ma’ana a cikin matani, wanda kuma ke nuna aukuwar a cikin tsarin matanin ko a
cikin al’umma.
Idan
muka duba waƙar Alhaji Sani ta
‘harƙar duniya’ za mu
ga cewa abin da yake aukuwa ne a tsakanin al’umma ya sanya shi rubuta waƙar, wato ana raɗe-raɗin
Sani Sabulu ya mutu kamar har wasu suna murna. Wannan ya sanya shi tunanin yin
wannan waƙa don ya shaida wa
duniya cewar bai mutu ba, wato yana raye. Ga misali daga cikin waƙar kamar haka:
“Na ji ana faɗi,
Alhaji Sani ya mutu
Wai Alhaji Sani Sabulun
Bauchi,
Harƙar duniya.
Ku masoyana ku kaɗai
suke
An ce musu Sani Sabulu
babu shi
Ai ba haka nan ba ne
Ku daina kuka Allah zai
ba Alhaji Sabulu
Sun maƙiyi sai murna suke
Masu adawa na ta farin
ciki
Sun ji an ce Sani Sabulu
ya rasu”.
7.
Tana kallon matanin adabi a matsayin wani tsari da ke
tantance ma’ana (haɗe-haɗen abubuwa na alamomi da lambobi da makaranci ke fahimtar
matani da su)
A
nan babu wani tsari ko alamomi da za a iya fitowa da su daga cikin wannan waƙa. Amma za a yi bayanin abin da ke da alaƙa da su daga cikin waƙar,
tun da ana jan numfashi a matsayin hutu a cikin waƙar. Don haka za a iya cewa takan zo ne gunduwa-gunduwa amma
ba ta da wani ma’auni, wato daidaiton ɗango
(layi) a cikinta. Misali:
“Sani kantoman kiɗa,
Ɗan
ruwan gora Shehu na kan kudu,
Ya insifektan kiɗa,
Birgediyan jangyale farin
mijin Hassana”.
8.
Tana mayar da hankali kan ra’ayin kimiyyar harshe da ya
danganci sadarwa da fashin baƙinsa;
da kuma ra’ayin adabi mai samar da dokokin da za a yi amfani da su a rarrabe
tsakanin maganar adabi da wadda ba ta adabi ba.
A
nan za a tsunduma ne cikin waƙar
domin zaƙulo maganganun
hikima. Don haka ga misalen wuraren kamar haka:
Kirari:
“Sani
daraktan kiɗa,
Ina
Musa na Hadizatu,
Gaisheka
mijin Kulu,
Gaisheka
sakataren kiɗa,
Mamman
mijin Aisha da A’i,
Baban
Abdul’azizu,
Sani
kantoman kiɗa,
Dan
ruwan gora Shehu na kan tudu,
Ya
insifektan kiɗa”.
Habaici/zambo
“In
ƙara faɗa
maka,
Abin
da ba ka iyawa,
Kar
ka yi shi haushi za ka ji in ka yi,
Adona
ɗan Kano,
In
ƙara faɗa
maka,
Ko
dambe dan mai ƙarfi yanada,
Wani
ya ja sabulun Hajara,
Sani
na Aminatu,
Naushi
ɗaya mai mishi,
Ko
da na duba ya faɗi ya tafi biki,
Ya
tashi yana faɗa da diri,
Ba
ka ji irinta ba,
Ka
ji wadda ake gudu”.
Karin
Magana:
“Idan
ruwa ya ɗauke fa kainuwa”.
9.
Tana mayar da hankali ga abin da ya kamata makarancin matani
ya sani ko wanda yake buƙatar sani game da
fashin baƙin kowace kalma ko
alama ko salo da sauransu.
A
nan za a zaƙulo kalmomi ne da
suka dace a yi fashin baƙi a kansu. Don
haka a cikin wannan waƙa akwai ire-iren
kalmomi da za a yi fashin baƙi
a kan su kamar haka:
-
Insifekta (inspector) -
mai bincike, fannin tsaro
-
Birgediya
-
Darakta (director) -
jagora
-
Bauchi -
Gari, jihar Nijeriya da ke yankin Arewa
-
Wahidun Jallah -
Mai girma ɗaya, ubangiji
-
Ɗan’adam - Mutum
Dangane
da salo kuwa, salon wannan waƙa
yana da armashi domin ana fahimtar saƙon
cikin sauƙi. Daga ka saurara
za ka fahimci cewa ana magana kan harƙoƙin duniya.
Sannan
an yi amfani ne da karin harshen Gabas.
10. Tana
ƙarfafa komawa ga sigar adabi don gano
ƙwarangwal na cikin adabi
Kasancewar
wannan waƙa ce ta baka. A ƙwarangwal na aikin adabi ta zamo ɗaya
daga cikin rassa na adabin baka wato adabin gargajiya. Adabi ya ƙunshi zube, wasan kwaikwayo da waƙa. A ƙarƙashin waƙa
ana samun waƙar baka da
rubutacciya. Waƙar baka tana ƙunshe da waƙoƙin tashe, bukukuwa, wasanni da sauransu. To a cikin waɗannan
rassa aka sami waƙar baka. Don haka
wannan waƙa ce ta baka,
fannin makaɗan jama’a.
Madogara
Tuntuɓi masu gudanarwa.
Rataye
Waƙar Sani Sabu ‘Harƙar Duniya’
Harƙar duniya
Allah
jalla ubangijin kowa
Allah
wahidin jalla sarki mai komai na har abada
Allah
wahidin
Gyara
jalla ubangijin dukkadu
Ku
tar da zamani
Allah
wahidin
Allah
mai duniya
Shi
ya yi saman bakwai
Kuma
shi ya yi ƙasan bakwai
Kuma
ya yi su domin annabinku
Allah
wahidun
Allah
kai ka yi mu
Ka
hana mu da kunyar lahira ko kaɗan
Harƙar duniya babu daɗi,
ba niyyar bari
Kulluma
tafiya take tanan
Haruna
na Mamman
Ga
jikan Ali mai kiɗa
Haruna
baban Garba na Amadu
Sannu
daraktar kiɗa
Ina
Musa na Hadizatu
Gaishe
ka mijin Kulu
Gaishe
ka sakataren kiɗa
Mamman
mijin Aisha da A’i
Baban
Abdul’azizu
Sanu
kantuman kiɗa
Ɗan ruwan gora Shehu na kan kudu
Ya
Insepetan kiɗa
Birgediyan
jangyale fari mijin Hassana
Na
ji kai ne kan kula indi
Na
so ka riƙamini
Saboda
da ku na gane kiɗa aikinku ne
Allah
wahidim jalla Sarki mai iko har abada
Yau
ga Sani Sabulu na Kanoma
Baban
su Nafisatu
Yau
ga Sani Sabulu ɗan Musa
Baban
Murjanatu
Sani
mijin Hajara mijin Amina
Sarai
babban kada ɗaku
Sarai
babban kada ɗaku
Ka
huce kifi sai gungumin rago
Sarai
babban kada
Ka
huce kifi sai gungumin rago
Haɗari
taso da gabar kasuwar
Mu
ga ‘yan gishiri suna tafe
Kasan
harƙar duniya da an samu sai a rasa
Ta
yi wahala daɗi na nan tafe
Ka
ji harkar duniya
Babu
daɗi ba a niyan bari
Ba
ka ji irinta ba
Wai
wasu sunce na Sabulu ya tafi
Don
naji ana faɗi
Wai
dan naji ana faɗi
Wai
ance Sani ya mutu
Ni
naji ana faɗi
Alhaji
Sani ya mutu
Wai
Alhaji Sani Sabulun Bauci
Harƙar duniya
Ku
masoyana ku kaɗai suke
An
ce musu Sani Sabulu babu shi
Ai
ba haka nan ba ne
Ku
daina kuka. Allah bai ba Alhaji Sabulu
Su
maƙiya sai murna suke
Masu
adawa na ta farin ciki
Sun
ji an ce Sani Sabulu ya rasu
Ai
ba haka nan ba ne
Ku
daina murna Allah bai ba
Harƙar duniya
Ku
masoyar Sani Sabulu
Ku
daina kuka Allah bai ba
In
ƙara faɗa
muku
Dukkan
Musulmi na duniya
In
ya samu ya yi hamdala
In
ya rasa ma kuma ya yi hamdala
Baiwa
da rashi kyauta huwallahu ne
Wasu
sunce na mutu
To
ni nasan zan mutu
Ko
ban mutu ba, nasan zan mutu
Ban
ƙi ba ance Sani na mutu
Ni
a sani na mutu
Ni
Sani Sabulu
Ka
ga Annabi ya barku
Annabi
ya barku ya bar duniya
To
bari ni Sani Sabulun Hajara
Malam
me kake nufi
Malam
ni kake nufi
Indon
wani iko duniya
Fir’auna
ya mutu ya bar duniya
Iyakacinsa
da daɗi duniya
Gobe
ƙiyama ba zai kurɓi
kausar ba
Ka
ji harƙar duniya
Malam
me kake nufi
Kana
ta murna an ce na mutu
In
kuka dukiya kake
In
hanje dukiya kake
Ƙaruna ya mutu ya bar duniya
Ko
da ya mutu bai riƙe ko kwabo uku ba
Ka
ji harƙar duniya ɗaku
Ka
ga Annabi
Don
shi aka yi duniya
Domin
na yi aka yi lahira
Ka
ga Annabi ya barku ya bar duniya
Bale
ni Sani Sabulu na Hajara
Harƙar duniya babu daɗi
ba niyyar bari
Kullum
tafiya take
Don
Allah Ɗan’adam
Don
Allah Ɗan’adam
Ana
sha’ani dan lahira
Akan
ajiye a yi harƙar duniya
Tun
da na taɓa zance lahira
Bari
in taɓa zance duniya
Don
Allah Ɗan’adam
In
ƙara faɗa
maka
Kasan
harƙar duniya
Kowa
yasan da wuya take
Kamar
kogi da ruwa take
Wani
ya faɗa ya kai tudu
Wani
ya faɗa bai kai iyakarta ba
Ka
ji harƙar duniya ɗaku
Don
Allah Ɗan’adam
In
kara faɗa maka
Sha’ani
ra’ayi muke
In
ba a’ayi huce kar ka ba mu abin
Ka
ka je ka ajiye shi
Ka
ji harƙar duniya ɗaku
Don
Allah Ɗan’adam
In
ƙara faɗa
maka
Abin
da baka iyawa
Kar
ka yi shi haushi za ka ji in ka yi
Ado
na ɗan Kano
In
ƙara faɗa
maka
Ko
dame ɗan mai ƙarfi yana da wuya
Wani
ya je Sabulun Hajara
Sani
na Aminatu
Naushi
ɗaya na yi mishi
Wawa
ko da na duba ya faɗi ya tafi bikita
Ya
tashi yana faɗa da diri
Ba
ka ji irin ta ba
Ka
ji wadda ake gudu
Idan
ruwa ya ɗauke fa kainuwa nasan
Ka
ji harƙar duniya ɗaku
Don
Allah Ɗan’adam
In
kara faɗa muka
Sha’ani
ra’ayi muke
In
ba ra’ayi wuce kar ka ba mu abin
Doka
ka je ka ajiye shi
Ka
ji harƙar duniya ɗaku
Don
Allah Ɗan’adam
In
ƙara faɗa
maka
Abin
da baka iyawa
Kar
ka yi shi haushi za ka ji in ka yi.
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