Wannan rubutu ya yi amfani da mazhabar ƙwaƙƙwafi wajen tarekn waƙar Gambu ta Inuwa Ɗanmaɗaci.
Tarken
Waƙar
Gambu ta Inuwa Ɗanmaɗaci.
Duba Zuwa Ga Mazahabar Nazarin Ƙwaƙƙwafi
Sani
Sule
Gabatarwa
Wannan aiki yana magana ne a kan waƙar baka ta Gambu wadda ya yi wa Ɗanmaɗaci, inda aka yi ƙoƙarin bayyana alaƙarta
da wannan mazahaba ta Nazarin ƙwaƙƙwafi. Aikin yana fito da tarihin kafuwar wannan mazahaba, da
kuma manufofinta tare da misalen wasu mmaganganun da ke cikinw aƙar, waɗanda suke da dangantaka da waɗannan
manufofi bi-da-bi.
Tarihin
Mazahabar Nazarin Ƙwaƙƙwafi
Wannan mazahaba ta nazarin ƙwaƙƙwafi an ƙirƙiro ta ne a cikin ƙarni na 20, a shekarar 1940. Daga cikin waɗanda
suka ƙirƙiro ta akwai: I.A. Richards da William Empson da Reuben
Brower, da Stanley Burnshaw da R.P. Blackmur da Kenneth Bruke da sauran
mabiyansu (Klarer, 2004:312; Encarta Premium, 2009; Blamires, 1991: 337).
Wannan mazahaba ta faro ne a Ingila
sannan ta yaɗu zuwa Amurka. Daga nan sai kuma ta isa wasu ƙasashen Turai kamar Faransa da Jamus. Da ta ƙara bunƙasa har ta zama
cikin mazahabar sababbin matarka a wajen 1950, sai ta fantsama cikin duniyar
tarken adabi.
Yaɗuwar
Mazahabar Nazarin Ƙwaƙƙwafi
Wannan mazahaba ta Nazarin Ƙwaƙƙwafi ta faro ne
sannan ta haɓaka a cikin ƙarni
na 20, a lokacin da manufofinta suka shige cikin na mazahabar sababbin matarka.
A wannan mazahaba ana binciko irin ƙarfin
aikin adabi a bisa gwargwadon bayanan da matarki ya yi game da shi. Yana kuma
da nufin fito da fahimtar yadda matarin adabi yake aiki da yadda yake fito da
tasirinsa, ko da kuwa da mafi ƙarancin
tasiri ne (ko yaya tasirin yake).
Wanda ya fara kafa harsashin wannan
mazahaba shi ne Reuben Brower a Harɓard,
a shekarar 1950, wanda daga baya ya rubuta littafi mai suna, In Defence of
Reading (Don Kare Karatu) 1962). Kafin nan, Stanley Burnshaw ya riga ya rubuta
The Poem Itself (Waƙar da Kanta) a
1960.
Daga cikin waɗanda
suka ƙarfafa nazarin ƙwaƙƙwafi a cikin ƙarni na 20 ba kamar wani malamin tarke a Jami’ar Cambridge
mai suna I.A. Richards (1893-1979). Shi ma William Empson (1906-1984), wanda ɗalibin
I.A. Richards ne a Jami’ar Cambridge, ya yi bayanin ma’anonin da yawa na
kalmomin adabi a cikin littafinsa mai suna The Seɓen (1930). A ciki ya yi karatun dalla-dalla da fiɗar
waƙa tare da mayar da cikakken
hankalinsa kan nazarin kalma-kalma, kamar dai yadda malaminsa Richards ya yi
(Blamires, 1991:337).
Manufofin
Mazahabar Nazarin Ƙwaƙƙwafi
Wannan mazahaba tana da manufofi na
musamman. Don haka za a bayyana manufofin sannan a riƙa danganta su da abubuwan da waƙar take ƙunshe
da shi. Ga manufofin kamar haka:
1.
Nazari na Ƙwaƙƙwafi ga matanin adabi:
A
nan ana duba yadda aka gina adabin ne baki ɗaya,
wato zube ko waƙa ko kuma wasan
kwaikwayo. Dukkanin adabi yana da mataninsa na musamman, kuma akwai hanyoyi da
ake bi wajen gina shi. Don haka wannan waƙa
ce ta baka da aka gina gabatar da ita da kaɗe-kaɗe.
Kuma waƙa ce daɗaɗɗa
da ta yi matuƙar tasiri a idon
duniya wajen karɓuwa.
2.
Binciko irin ƙarfin
da matanin adabi yake da shi ta hanyar tarin bayanan da suke ƙunshe cikinsa:
Wannan
waƙa tana cike ne da maganganun da suka
shafi harƙoƙin ‘fashi’ wato ɓarayi
da suke tare hanya su karɓi kuɗaɗe ko su doki mutane har ma kashe-kashe duk aikinsu. Sai dai
an yi waƙar ce ga mutum ɗaya
wadda ya shahara a harƙar ‘fashi da
makami’ wato Ɗanmaɗaci.
Ga irin bayanan da suke tattare cikin waƙar:
“Sabadda wanga kiɗi
mugun kiɗi na,
Don dagga macewa sai
rasawa,
Waɗanda
turu ke ma ɓarna,
Ni nika mamaki ga raina,
Gambo mai taɓa
turun ɗebe ɓanna,
In ana maganas sata ina
kusa,
Dole in yi sago in sad da
kai ƙasa,
In yi tunanin ni da
kaina,
Laihin mutuwa ɗaukaɓ ɓarayi,
Ta bar mai kuɗi
lahiya lau,
Gambo wai Allah mis sa
hakan ga?
Tuna
da ɗan zaga burgu ya hi burgu yahi”.
3.
Ƙoƙarin gano irin abubuwan da ake sanyawa a cikin rubutun adabi
don a tantance su a cikinsa:
A
nan ana ambaton sunayen mutane ko wurare ko abubuwan hawa ko abinci da dai
sauransu, wadda waɗannan abubuwa ma suna taka rawar gani wajen gina kowane irin
adabi. don haka, duk da yake an fi samun hakan a abubuwan da suka shafi zube ko
wasan-kwaikwayo, amma ana samu jifa-jifa a cikin waƙoƙi ma. Ga misalai
daga cikin wannan waƙa kamar haka:
Akwai
wuraren da ya ambaci sunayen mutane:
“Gambo wai Allah
mis sa hakan ga.
Kai ɗan
Zaga burgu ya hi burgu.
In tahi garka in she Yahi.
Na kiri Kauci na
kire Audu.
Na Kiri Isah bai
jiya ba.
Na yi kiran Isah
uban Kulu.
Ko hanin Holis su
amshe shi.
Likkita
ya ɗauko gadon nan.
Nice Na Ɓatagarawa
na Bunsuru Bawa
Na ishe Makau
garin Gummi.
Mun canye na Limamin
wurce.
Mun canye na Malam
mai karatu.
Mun canye na Sarki
dun tudun nan.
In iske Sahabi ko Yahayya
ko Alhaji Mamman.
In jeka Gwaram in iske Hamidu
Ko matakin dare Shidi
Shahwa
Sidi
na ‘Yakkure da Mamu
Jikan Lamson Annaboro
‘Yattunga rabin
Alelu Gambo”
Shi
kuma wuraren da aka ambaci wurare:
“Ina niƙa kwana ‘koko’ in ishe Audu,
Don za ni barin Makau garin ‘Gummi’,
Ɗan ɗan
‘Dikko’ Canda,
Yaushe an ka
yi sata can ƙasan ‘Makka”.
Duk ɗangon
da aka kawo akwai sunan gari a cikinsa, inda aka yi masa ƙaramar baka ta sama kamar yadda aka gani.
4.
Fito da yadda adibi/marubuci ya tsara da zuba kayan cikin
aikinsa na adabi, musamman wasu abubuwa masu dangantaka da juna:
A
nan za mu fito ne da dangantakar maganganun da ke ƙunshe a wannan waƙa
sannan da yadda aka zuba/tsara ta kamar haka:
Wannan waƙa tana da layuka/ɗango
kimanin dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da sha-biyar (1915 ɗango),
wasu dogaye wasu kuwa gajeru. Misali;
“Don in ɓarawo yak kwarare ka,
In an kashe shi,
Ka huta da wannan”.
Akwai kuma dangantaka ta ɗangogi,
domin wasu maganganun ba a iya ƙare
su a layi ɗaya sai an shiga layuka da yawa. Misali:
“Na lahe na ban mace ba
Don kaj jama’ab banza su cutan
Wai na ji mutane na musawa,
Ni na tabbata Allah bai bari na,
Amman Yassin na bari na,
In akwai wani mai kuri da Yassin,
Ya tara abinai yau mu canye,
Mu bash shi da san ladak karatu,
Inda Yassin na kashi na,
Da yanzu ƙushina
ya ruɓe ƙasa,
Tun sa’ad da ina koyon kiɗin
ga,
An ɗau na maraye an miƙa
min,
Abin mabaraci an miƙa
min,
Balantana na boka ɗan
gaton uwa,
Bale mai kuɗɗi bawanmu wannan,
Mun canye na Limami uzurce,
Mun canye na Malam mai karatu,
Mun canye na sarki ɗan
tudun nan,
Ba ƙyale na Alkali
akai ba,
Ga ni da raina lahiya Hausa,
Ban taɓa ko ciwon ido ba,
Komi adaninai na tahowa,
Gambo da sauran gangare nai”.
5.
Kula da aikin adabi a cikin mataninsa da yadda matanin ke da
alaƙa/nasaba/dangantaka da tsarinsa na
filla-filla a cikin karatu na daki-daki:
A
nan kuma za a fito da yadda tsarin waƙar
take filla-filla ta hanyar duba dangantakar yadda matanin wannan waƙa take. Ga misalin kamar haka:
Layi
na 1 – 20 Gabatarwa
Layi
na 21 – 73 Ta’aziya
Layi
na 73 gwagwarmaya
da
dai sauransu
6.
Gano abubuwan da ke cikin matanin adabi kamar ma’ana mai
harshen damo da abubuwan da suka tattaru suke samar da salon da ake son isarwa
cikinsa:
A
nan za a fito ne da jigon wannan waƙa,
wato manufa ko saƙon da wannan waƙa take isar wa. Sannan za a yi ƙoƙarin fito da
ma’ana mai harshen damo daga cikin waƙar.
Jigon wannan waƙa dai shi ne ‘Ta’aziyya’ domin tun a farkon waƙar, aka riƙa
jaje da ta’aziyya na rashe-rashen mazajen da suka mutu, wato manyan ɓarayin
da aka rasa, wasu aka karɓe, wasu aka buge wasu ko lokacinsa ne ya yi kawai suka rasu.
Ga misali daga cikin waƙar kamar haka:
“Dala turu sad da kai ƙasa,
In ji yana nishin bisashe,
Daina ƙashin hwata da
gaske,
Kat ta mace banza da yohi,
Don da gayya za mu na ba,
Lallaɓa turu sannu-sannu,
Mai kiɗin ta’aziyya ba ya yaya,
Tun da ba wani daɗi
yaj jiya ba,
Sabadda wanga kiɗi
mugun kiɗi na,
Don dag ga macewa sai rasawa,
Waɗanda turu ke ma ɓanna”.
7.
Amfani da dabarun fiɗar
adabi mai duba tunanin mutum wajen yin fashin baƙin wasu kalmomi cikin matani da ake faɗar
su a magana ta yau da kullum:
Akwai
kalmomi da suka dace a fito da su a kuma yi fashin baƙi a kansu. Don haka ga kalmomin kamar haka:
1.
Holis
2.
Likitta
3.
Kanti
4.
Tasbaha
5.
Hakii
8.
Duba salon harshen da aka rubuta matanin adabi da shi ta
bayanin kalma-kalma don bayyana ma’anar da take ɗauke:
A
nan kuma za a iya cewa wannan waƙa
an yi ta ne da karin harshen Sakkwatanci wato yankin Hausar Yamma. Ga misalen
kalmomi yayin da aka kwatanta da daidaitacciyar Hausa a bayanin kalma-kalma:
Sakkwatanci Daidaitacciyar
Hausa
1.
Hwata fata
2.
Sabadda saboda
3.
Wanga wannan
4.
Nika nake
5.
Kuɗɗi kuɗi
6.
Laihin laifin
7.
Gangarenai gangarensa
8.
Dottiɓe dattijo
9.
Macce mace
10. Kawal kawar
Wannan
aiki ya fito da manufofin mazahabar Nazarin Ƙwaƙƙwafi tare da misalen maganganu daga cikin waƙar da aka kwatanta da ita mazahabar, wato waƙar Gambu ta “Ɗanmaɗaci,
wadda take ƙunshe da ta’aziyya
da labarai da suka shafi ɓarayi iri-iri.
Madogara
Tuntuɓi masu gudanarwa.
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