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Tarken Waƙar Gambu ta Inuwa Ɗanmaɗaci. Duba Zuwa Ga Mazahabar Nazarin Ƙwaƙƙwafi

Wannan rubutu ya yi amfani da mazhabar ƙwaƙƙwafi wajen tarekn waƙar Gambu ta Inuwa Ɗanmaɗaci.

Tarken Waƙar Gambu ta Inuwa Ɗanmaɗaci. Duba Zuwa Ga Mazahabar Nazarin Ƙwaƙƙwafi

Sani Sule

Gambu Mai Wakar Barayi

Gabatarwa

          Wannan aiki yana magana ne a kan waƙar baka ta Gambu wadda ya yi wa Ɗanmaɗaci, inda aka yi ƙoƙarin bayyana alaƙarta da wannan mazahaba ta Nazarin ƙwaƙƙwafi. Aikin yana fito da tarihin kafuwar wannan mazahaba, da kuma manufofinta tare da misalen wasu mmaganganun da ke cikinw aƙar, waɗanda suke da dangantaka da waɗannan manufofi bi-da-bi.

Tarihin Mazahabar Nazarin Ƙwaƙƙwafi

          Wannan mazahaba ta nazarin ƙwaƙƙwafi an ƙirƙiro ta ne a cikin ƙarni na 20, a shekarar 1940. Daga cikin waɗanda suka ƙirƙiro ta akwai: I.A. Richards da William Empson da Reuben Brower, da Stanley Burnshaw da R.P. Blackmur da Kenneth Bruke da sauran mabiyansu (Klarer, 2004:312; Encarta Premium, 2009; Blamires, 1991: 337).

          Wannan mazahaba ta faro ne a Ingila sannan ta yaɗu zuwa Amurka. Daga nan sai kuma ta isa wasu ƙasashen Turai kamar Faransa da Jamus. Da ta ƙara bunƙasa har ta zama cikin mazahabar sababbin matarka a wajen 1950, sai ta fantsama cikin duniyar tarken adabi.

Yaɗuwar Mazahabar Nazarin Ƙwaƙƙwafi

          Wannan mazahaba ta Nazarin Ƙwaƙƙwafi ta faro ne sannan ta haɓaka a cikin ƙarni na 20, a lokacin da manufofinta suka shige cikin na mazahabar sababbin matarka. A wannan mazahaba ana binciko irin ƙarfin aikin adabi a bisa gwargwadon bayanan da matarki ya yi game da shi. Yana kuma da nufin fito da fahimtar yadda matarin adabi yake aiki da yadda yake fito da tasirinsa, ko da kuwa da mafi ƙarancin tasiri ne (ko yaya tasirin yake).

          Wanda ya fara kafa harsashin wannan mazahaba shi ne Reuben Brower a Harɓard, a shekarar 1950, wanda daga baya ya rubuta littafi mai suna, In Defence of Reading (Don Kare Karatu) 1962). Kafin nan, Stanley Burnshaw ya riga ya rubuta The Poem Itself (Waƙar da Kanta) a 1960.

          Daga cikin waɗanda suka ƙarfafa nazarin ƙwaƙƙwafi a cikin ƙarni na 20 ba kamar wani malamin tarke a Jami’ar Cambridge mai suna I.A. Richards (1893-1979). Shi ma William Empson (1906-1984), wanda ɗalibin I.A. Richards ne a Jami’ar Cambridge, ya yi bayanin ma’anonin da yawa na kalmomin adabi a cikin littafinsa mai suna The Seɓen (1930). A ciki ya yi karatun dalla-dalla da fiɗar waƙa tare da mayar da cikakken hankalinsa kan nazarin kalma-kalma, kamar dai yadda malaminsa Richards ya yi (Blamires, 1991:337).

Manufofin Mazahabar Nazarin Ƙwaƙƙwafi

          Wannan mazahaba tana da manufofi na musamman. Don haka za a bayyana manufofin sannan a riƙa danganta su da abubuwan da waƙar take ƙunshe da shi. Ga manufofin kamar haka:

 

 

1.     Nazari na Ƙwaƙƙwafi ga matanin adabi:

A nan ana duba yadda aka gina adabin ne baki ɗaya, wato zube ko waƙa ko kuma wasan kwaikwayo. Dukkanin adabi yana da mataninsa na musamman, kuma akwai hanyoyi da ake bi wajen gina shi. Don haka wannan waƙa ce ta baka da aka gina gabatar da ita da kaɗe-kaɗe. Kuma waƙa ce daɗaɗɗa da ta yi matuƙar tasiri a idon duniya wajen karɓuwa.

2.     Binciko irin ƙarfin da matanin adabi yake da shi ta hanyar tarin bayanan da suke ƙunshe cikinsa:

Wannan waƙa tana cike ne da maganganun da suka shafi harƙoƙin ‘fashi’ wato ɓarayi da suke tare hanya su karɓi kuɗaɗe ko su doki mutane har ma kashe-kashe duk aikinsu. Sai dai an yi waƙar ce ga mutum ɗaya wadda ya shahara a harƙar ‘fashi da makami’ wato Ɗanmaɗaci. Ga irin bayanan da suke tattare cikin waƙar:

“Sabadda wanga kiɗi mugun kiɗi na,

Don dagga macewa sai rasawa,

Waɗanda turu ke ma ɓarna,

Ni nika mamaki ga raina,

Gambo mai taɓa turun ɗebe ɓanna,

In ana maganas sata ina kusa,

Dole in yi sago in sad da kai ƙasa,

In yi tunanin ni da kaina,

Laihin mutuwa ɗaukaɓ ɓarayi,

Ta bar mai kuɗi lahiya lau,

Gambo wai Allah mis sa hakan ga?

Tuna da ɗan zaga burgu ya hi burgu yahi”.

3.     Ƙoƙarin gano irin abubuwan da ake sanyawa a cikin rubutun adabi don a tantance su a cikinsa:

A nan ana ambaton sunayen mutane ko wurare ko abubuwan hawa ko abinci da dai sauransu, wadda waɗannan abubuwa ma suna taka rawar gani wajen gina kowane irin adabi. don haka, duk da yake an fi samun hakan a abubuwan da suka shafi zube ko wasan-kwaikwayo, amma ana samu jifa-jifa a cikin waƙoƙi ma. Ga misalai daga cikin wannan waƙa kamar haka:

Akwai wuraren da ya ambaci sunayen mutane:

Gambo wai Allah mis sa hakan ga.

Kai ɗan Zaga burgu ya hi burgu.

In tahi garka in she Yahi.

Na kiri Kauci na kire Audu.

Na Kiri Isah bai jiya ba.

Na yi kiran Isah uban Kulu.

Ko hanin Holis su amshe shi.

Likkita ya ɗauko gadon nan.

Nice Na Ɓatagarawa na Bunsuru Bawa

Na ishe Makau garin Gummi.

Mun canye na Limamin wurce.

Mun canye na Malam mai karatu.

Mun canye na Sarki dun tudun nan.

In iske Sahabi ko Yahayya ko Alhaji Mamman.

In jeka Gwaram in iske Hamidu

Ko matakin dare Shidi Shahwa

Sidi na ‘Yakkure da Mamu

Jikan Lamson Annaboro

‘Yattunga rabin Alelu Gambo”

Shi kuma wuraren da aka ambaci wurare:

                   “Ina niƙa kwana ‘koko’ in ishe Audu,

Don za ni barin Makau garin ‘Gummi’,

Ɗan ɗan ‘Dikko’ Canda,

          Yaushe an ka yi sata can ƙasan ‘Makka”.

          Duk ɗangon da aka kawo akwai sunan gari a cikinsa, inda aka yi masa ƙaramar baka ta sama kamar yadda aka gani.

4.     Fito da yadda adibi/marubuci ya tsara da zuba kayan cikin aikinsa na adabi, musamman wasu abubuwa masu dangantaka da juna:

A nan za mu fito ne da dangantakar maganganun da ke ƙunshe a wannan waƙa sannan da yadda aka zuba/tsara ta kamar haka:

          Wannan waƙa tana da layuka/ɗango kimanin dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da sha-biyar (1915 ɗango), wasu dogaye wasu kuwa gajeru. Misali;

“Don in ɓarawo yak kwarare ka,

In an kashe shi,

Ka huta da wannan”.

          Akwai kuma dangantaka ta ɗangogi, domin wasu maganganun ba a iya ƙare su a layi ɗaya sai an shiga layuka da yawa. Misali:

“Na lahe na ban mace ba

Don kaj jama’ab banza su cutan

Wai na ji mutane na musawa,

Ni na tabbata Allah bai bari na,

Amman Yassin na bari na,

In akwai wani mai kuri da Yassin,

Ya tara abinai yau mu canye,

Mu bash shi da san ladak karatu,

Inda Yassin na kashi na,

Da yanzu ƙushina ya ruɓe ƙasa,

Tun sa’ad da ina koyon kiɗin ga,

An ɗau na maraye an miƙa min,

Abin mabaraci an miƙa min,

Balantana na boka ɗan gaton uwa,

Bale mai kuɗɗi bawanmu wannan,

Mun canye na Limami uzurce,

Mun canye na Malam mai karatu,

Mun canye na sarki ɗan tudun nan,

Ba ƙyale na Alkali akai ba,

Ga ni da raina lahiya Hausa,

Ban taɓa ko ciwon ido ba,

Komi adaninai na tahowa,

Gambo da sauran gangare nai”.

5.     Kula da aikin adabi a cikin mataninsa da yadda matanin ke da alaƙa/nasaba/dangantaka da tsarinsa na filla-filla a cikin karatu na daki-daki:

A nan kuma za a fito da yadda tsarin waƙar take filla-filla ta hanyar duba dangantakar yadda matanin wannan waƙa take. Ga misalin kamar haka:

Layi na 1 – 20       Gabatarwa

Layi na 21 – 73     Ta’aziya

Layi na 73             gwagwarmaya

da dai sauransu

6.     Gano abubuwan da ke cikin matanin adabi kamar ma’ana mai harshen damo da abubuwan da suka tattaru suke samar da salon da ake son isarwa cikinsa:

A nan za a fito ne da jigon wannan waƙa, wato manufa ko saƙon da wannan waƙa take isar wa. Sannan za a yi ƙoƙarin fito da ma’ana mai harshen damo daga cikin waƙar.

          Jigon wannan waƙa dai shi ne ‘Ta’aziyya’ domin tun a farkon waƙar, aka riƙa jaje da ta’aziyya na rashe-rashen mazajen da suka mutu, wato manyan ɓarayin da aka rasa, wasu aka karɓe, wasu aka buge wasu ko lokacinsa ne ya yi kawai suka rasu. Ga misali daga cikin waƙar kamar haka:

“Dala turu sad da kai ƙasa,

In ji yana nishin bisashe,

Daina ƙashin hwata da gaske,

Kat ta mace banza da yohi,

Don da gayya za mu na ba,

Lallaɓa turu sannu-sannu,

Mai kiɗin ta’aziyya ba ya yaya,

Tun da ba wani daɗi yaj jiya ba,

Sabadda wanga kiɗi mugun kiɗi na,

Don dag ga macewa sai rasawa,

Waɗanda turu ke ma ɓanna”.

7.     Amfani da dabarun fiɗar adabi mai duba tunanin mutum wajen yin fashin baƙin wasu kalmomi cikin matani da ake faɗar su a magana ta yau da kullum:

Akwai kalmomi da suka dace a fito da su a kuma yi fashin baƙi a kansu. Don haka ga kalmomin kamar haka:

1.     Holis

2.     Likitta

3.     Kanti

4.     Tasbaha

5.     Hakii

8.     Duba salon harshen da aka rubuta matanin adabi da shi ta bayanin kalma-kalma don bayyana ma’anar da take ɗauke:

A nan kuma za a iya cewa wannan waƙa an yi ta ne da karin harshen Sakkwatanci wato yankin Hausar Yamma. Ga misalen kalmomi yayin da aka kwatanta da daidaitacciyar Hausa a bayanin kalma-kalma:

Sakkwatanci                        Daidaitacciyar Hausa

1.     Hwata                        fata

2.     Sabadda                     saboda

3.     Wanga                       wannan

4.     Nika                          nake

5.     Kuɗɗi                        kuɗi

6.     Laihin                        laifin

7.     Gangarenai                gangarensa

8.     Dottiɓe                      dattijo

9.     Macce                        mace

10. Kawal                        kawar

Wannan aiki ya fito da manufofin mazahabar Nazarin Ƙwaƙƙwafi tare da misalen maganganu daga cikin waƙar da aka kwatanta da ita mazahabar, wato waƙar Gambu ta “Ɗanmaɗaci, wadda take ƙunshe da ta’aziyya da labarai da suka shafi ɓarayi iri-iri.

 

 

Madogara

Tuntuɓi masu gudanarwa.

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