One of the fundamental purpose of constructing a brick wall in the Zariya is to provide security. In the ancient time Zazzau came under series of attacks from its numbering enemies and emeirons largely to the discovery of some national resources in Zazzau land prominent among which is the pressure of iron are in the land.
Traditional Wall of Zaria City Kaduna State, Nigeria as a Source of Information for Defense and War Strategy
BY
SANI, Aliyu Soba (Ph.D)1, BASHIR, Aliyu Tsafe (M.A)2, DAHIRU, Hussaini Sankalawa (M.A) DA3, and AMINU, Muhammed Maidala’ilu (B.A)4
1, 2 & 3 School of Secondary Education (Languages),
Department of Hausa Language, Federal College of Education (Technical) Gusau, Zamfara
State, Nigeria
4 School of Secondary Education (Languages), Department of Arabic Language Federal College of Education (Technical) Gusau, Zamfara State, Nigeria
Abstract
This paper
studies the significance and impacts of the
traditional
wall of Zaria city of Kaduna state, Nigeria as a traditional innovative source of
information for defense and
war strategy. The study is based on a survey research design. The population
of the study consist of 28 makes the population of the study by the means
of a purposive
sampling technique. A self-structured four likert scale questionnaire with
11 items was used as an instrument for data
collection from respondents. The instrument was validated by three experts who found it valid for the study after making some
corrections. The findings of this study revealed
that 20, representing (71%) of the respondents have strongly agreed that Ganuwa (Defence Wall) provides security to the
environs where it was situated. 28, representing (100%) of the respondents made
it clear that the essence of building the brick wall was to shield residences and households. 19, representing (68%) out of the respondents
revealed that the presence of brick wall and its custodians has greatly helped in monitoring
all those who go in and out of Zaria, 18 representing (64%) out of the total
number of respondents Ganuwa/City Wall is a source of generating internal
revenue, 28 representing (100%) out of the
total number of respondents strongly agreed
that Ganuwa/ City Wall protects the town from wild animal that can kill humans
or destroy farm lands.
Implication: Recommendations
includes: Government should re-erect all the collapsed Defence Wall in
an around the state for the security of people and their properties, more fund
should be provides to Emirates in the state to help them maintain Defence Wall
in all nock and crannies.
Keywords: Information, Defence Wall, District heads, Security
Introduction
A
defensive wall is a fortification usually used to protect a city, town or other settlement from
potential aggressors. The walls can range from simple palisades or earthworks
to extensive military fortifications with towers, bastions and gates for access
to the city. From ancient to modern times, they were used to enclose
settlements. Generally, these are referred to as city walls or town walls,
although there were also walls, such as the Great Wall of China, Walls
of Benin, Hadrian's Wall, Anastasian
Wall, and
the Atlantic
Wall,
which extended far beyond the borders of a city and were used to enclose regions or mark territorial boundaries. In
mountainous terrain, defensive walls such as Letzis were used in combination with castles to seal valleys from potential
attack. Beyond their defensive utility, many walls also had important symbolic
functions – representing the status and independence of the communities
they embraced. Existing ancient walls are almost always masonry structures, although brick and timber-built variants are also known.
Depending on the topography of the area surrounding the city or the settlement the wall is
intended to protect, elements of the terrain such as rivers or coastlines may
be incorporated in order to make the wall more effective (Maxwel, 2019).
One of the
fundamental purpose of constructing a brick wall in the Zariya is to provide
security. In the ancient time Zazzau
came under series of attacks from its numbering enemies and emeirons largely to
the discovery of some national resources in Zazzau land prominent among which
is the pressure of iron are in the land. Ganuwa Zaria has provided security to
the people against invaders at all times.
The was equally a very deep hole around the wall which make it difficult
to cross and penetrate to the city. The
presence of brick wall and its
custodians has greatly helped in motoring all those who go in and out of
Zaria and in generating internal revenue and protected the town from wild
Animal that can kill humans or destroy farm lands. Invaders from Ningi Kataf
Kaje Nimzaru were mainly denied access to Zariya due to the protection provided
by the Brick wall. Also the Ganuwa has
reduced to the barest minimum the attacks from Kano and Katsina invaders the
Brick wall has provided trading opportunity due to the coming of traders from
other parts of Hausa Land (Masud, 2018).
This research
attempts to bring to line light how the ancient people
traditionally derviced ways of secuirty
of their lives and property against any threat of enemies and intruders with
the construction of very big and large
and strong city wall known as ‘Ganuwa’ in Hausa language equally the research
discuss goes further to the origin of
Zazzau kingdom and highlight the perception of other communities in Hausa land
and other African counntries on significance of city wall fence as security
strategy. The paper explains the
security relevance of “Ganuwa” in providing safety to the communities who
erected them particularly in Zazzau kingdom.
Provision
of security of life and properties of people is one of the cardinal principles
of any leaders in the olden days and the present ones. One of the strategies
used in the olden days rulers is Wall Defence or city wall, this is a
structured developed by the entire community to protect community or city from
enemies attack.
Purpose of the
study
i.
Identify effect of Traditional wall as a defense and war strategy
ii.
State strategies to enhance Ganuwar Zaria
Scope of the study
This study
covered only an appraisal of traditional
wall of zazzau as a defense and war strategy of Zaria
city and its environs.
Literature review
Concept of ‘Ganuwa’ City
Wall
Ganuwa
known in English language as city wall is a wall erected by a community or city
to serve as security guard to their community against any attack by enemy. Bargery (1993),
describes Ganuwa as city Bick wall or fence erected round a particular village,
city or community. Specifically the
Ganuwa in Zaria which is also tradde marked as ‘Ganuwar Amina’ becomes a source
of reference. In his view,
Newman (1997), simply sees Ganuwa as a wall erected round a given village of
town. However, this definition falls
short in explaning Alhaji Rilwan Yahaya fate and Makaman Zazzau
Babba Alhaji Kasim
Abdullahi, the all said corrobarated the aforementned etymology of work
‘Ganuwa’ that is the word “Ganuwa’ used by travellers tranform or derived to
“Ganuwa”. Another view a big
difference from the above orgnes that the word ‘Ganuwa’ is derived from the
staric case or steps used as a ladda in climbing the local Brick wall
especially by the local city guards to examine any enemy comin from a distance
towards the town or any suspecious movement aganist the town. As soon as they sighted any of these they
used to say “An gano su” meaning they have been discovered later the local
Brick wall was named ‘Ganuwa’ haveing
removed the infix suffux uwar as illustrated thus ‘Gan’ to to root word
Gan suffix uwa=Ganuw.
Ganuwar or local Brick wall is not a
new thing in Hausa nd. The art of local
artery and building has been established tradition in Hausa and from time
immemorial. Hausa people used
to erect brick wall round the residence of their king or leaders while other
houses erre sorrounded with corn-stalk fence it was thos practice that was
improved by erecting a Brick wall round the city or town. Further to this is that the Hausa
people used to call city Brick wall as “Kur rami” roughly translated as hyena
in the ditch. This makes reference to a
local traps made to catch hyenas which used to rampage at right some a
diametres are so round-fenced with a very deep ditech while a goat is tied
close to the ditch as a pray to the means hyena. The trapped hyena usually jumped to the ditch
in attemp to attack the tied goat and eventually fell into the ditch and later be killed by the its humtors its is
this art that was improved into building a very big brick world instead of
digging a ditch.
Ganuwa in Human Thought
Ganuwa as a
wall for city defence has been in existence and play a key role in securing
community lives and properties. Sutton
(1976), claims that the history of traditional Brick wall has within to became
a reference point to the construction of city gates in the modern time and this
dates back to the 4th century. A visible evidence of the use of
‘Ganuwa’ can be seen in the project of freeing part of River Tigns and a part
of Asia which proves the significance of traditional brick wall. Equally a similar demarcation through the
erection of brick wall is found in Indian River Indian, China and United Kingdom
in the African continent, there are well erected brick wall in Egypt, Zimbabwe
and our country Nigeria. In Yoruba land
of Nigeria for instance the traditional brick wall is called ‘Onibode’ in
western Nigeria there are a number of brick walls particularly in very old
settlements. These include the old Oyo,
Ado Ekiti, Ofa, Ile-efe, Ogbomosho and Oshogbo.
In the southern part of Nigeria, there are also a number of brick walls
in Benin, Owala and Mbari. In all these,
the main materials used for building the brick wall are clay and stones.
Ganuwa in Some Parts of Hausa Land
Any historical
town has in the past face the threat of insecurity. Brick wall is one of the issue of insecurity.
Places like Daura, Kano, Katsina and others have used brick wall for a very
long time as stated by Achi (1985)
“The Ganuwa in Daura has
been erected since the
Emergence of the Hausa
peole. It was said that the
Brick wall was founded during the
reign of Sarkin
Daura
“Yantsawani who rules around 19th century.
This, what
makes it the oldest traditional Birck wall
In the
history of Hausa land Achi (1985).
Katsina kingdom equally
has one of the oldest traditional Brick wall Ganuwa as “Ganuwar Amin” i.e Amina
Brick wall as expired further by Achi (1985).
“The
Katsina traditional Brick wall was constructed
During the
reign of Sarkin Katsina Ali Mirabus (1568-1572)
He was third in
the Sarkin Kora Dynasty. This came to
light Towards the end of the 16th century when
Leo Afrikanus visited Katsina in the year 1516, he also explained Songhai
Against Katsna
without making any reference to the traditional
Brick wall of
Katsina Achi (1985).
The aware association
proved that Traditional Brick wall is found not
Zazzau alone but in many parts of Nigeria Africa and parts of the world.
Origin of Zazzau Traditional Brick Wall
Suleiman explained what studies dinger said when he visited Zariya in the year 1880.
“The town is surrounded
by brick wall made up clay
Known as ‘Ganuwa’ such
wall need frequent repair
Work to counteract the
erosive effect of the typical
Sun shine and torrential
rains, a number of gates
(Kofa) gave entrance
through the town walls and this
Could be closed with
wooden doors and latches in each
Gatehouse, sat a few of
the kings guards who levied a
Market of few carries for the wares brought by farmers
of the districts. However, we were not
mandated to pay such a levy. I didn’t
have idea has much was being paid when leaving the town. (Suleman 2007).
The Zazzau brick wall
was constructed around 15 century with about 8 entrances to the town. The
entrance include: Kofar Doka, Kofar KibaTukur-Tukur, Kofar Jatau, Kofar
Kuyambana, Kofar Gayan, Kofar Galadima and Kofar Bai. The 8th entrance was Kofar
matasKwasa which was recently closed.
The reason was due to the fact that it was a founded after Sarkin Zazzau
Mako broke the wall to enable him pick up his legendary sword known as Zazzau
in the face of his defeat by jihadist he went-ahead to found the Suleja
town. Later the gate became shrine for
the worship of ancestral a reason which led to its total closure by the
subsequent ruler who was a Muslim.
Role of Ganuwa in Enhancing Security of the Zaria Town
One of the
fundamental purpose of constructing a brick wall in the Zariya is to provide
security. In the ancient time Zazzau
came under series of attacks from its numbering enemies and environs largely to
the discovery of some national resources in Zazzau land prominent among which
is the pressure of iron are in the land. Ganuwa Zaria has provided security to
the people against invaders at all times.
The was equally a very deep hole around the wall which make it difficult
to cross and penetrate to the city. The
presence of brick wall and its
custodians has greatly helped in motoring all those who go in and out of
Zaria and in generating internal revenue and protected the town from wild
Animal that can kill humans or destroy farm lands. Invaders from Ningi Kataf
Kaje Nimzaru were mainly denied access to Zariya due to the protection provided
by the Brick wall. Also the Ganuwa has
reduced to the barest minimum the attacks from Kano and Katsina invaders the
Brick wall has provided trading opportunity due to the coming of traders from
other parts of Hausa Land.
SOME ZAZZAU BRICKWALLS AND THEIR LOCATION
Zazzu has a
special arrangement of people motioning the town or going out of it. All these are monitored by custodians of the
gates known as Wakilan Kofofi. According
to my findings, each gate was constructed for a species purpose and there are
category or social class of people who pass through each gate especially during
the reign of non-Fulani rulers known as Habe.
i.
Kofar Doka: There are
conflicting views on the emergence of Kofar Doka. The first view was that a particular tree
found by the side of the gate called Doka tree from which the gate derives its
name. the second view hard that there
were Doka trees which grew up that the Emirs place from which the gate got its
name.
This Kofa serve
as an important gate through which all visitors enter. It is situation opposite
Kofar Gayan which a whole Sarkin Kofa a traditional ruler who appoints other
representatives to oversee other gates across Zariya town.
ii.
Kofar Gayan: Kofar Gayan
originated from a river located in the southern of the gate. The river is a very important one as it is
almost the only source of water for drinking and other domestic purposes. This gate is situated by the northern side of
Kofar Doka visitors pass through it as an exit to the main Zariya town.
iii.
Kofar Kunyambana: this gate got
its name from Kuyambana town located about 80 kilometres in the Northern part
of Zariya. This follows the conquest of
Kuyambana town by Amina Sarauniya Zazzau who appointed her representative. This gate source as a link between kuyambana
town and Zariya, It was through this road that Kwararafa fighters followed to
attack Zariya. In the year 1532.
iv.
Kofar Tukur-Tukur (Kibo)
This gate got its name from Tukur-Tukur rock but in
the 19th century the name of the gate changed to Kibo Gate from the
word “Kiban”. This indicated the war
between Haruna of Ningi and Sarkin Zazzau Sambo (1987-1888 A.D) Suleman
(2007). The dominant weapon used were
‘Kiban’ that is arrow from which the gate got its name. the name of the gate representative is
Wakilin Kofar Kibo Maidala.
v.
Kofar Jatau:- this gate
derives its name from Sarkin Zazzau Jatau (1782-1802). The second view has it that this gate was
frequently followed by Sarkin Zazzau Jatau whenever going for hunting or coming
back from hunting ( Umar, 2021).
Security
According to Bargery (1993) explains security as security something or
giving protection to something. This
definitions has greatly limited the scope of security to protecting something
only thereby leaving and more circumstances that require security. Thus, Ganuwa i.e traditional Brick wall is one of such means of securing
people and their environments to guarntee the safety of lives and property of individuals
in the environment. Sa’ad (1987), opined that
most Hausa communities usually erect the building around areas with large
number of tree for security reasons because such areas are believed to be
highly possessed by spirits and most Hausa people hold that such spirits give
them special protection and safety against any enemy be it human or
animals. This is another indication that
the ancient people made frantic effort to provide security to themselves and their
environments. In this effort the Zazzau
people are certainly not left behind.
How to Improve the Ganuwar Zariya
The only way to enhance
security of Zaria town is to bring back the Ganuwa as it was before and indeed
all other brick walls across our lands.
It is equally very important to erect or maintain city gates as they
used to be. Government in particular
should provide fund for the rehabilitation of Ganuwar Zazzau and others in
Hausa land. It is quite disturbing that
in 1990. The United Kingdom under its
British Council organization donated funds for the rehabilitation of Kano and
Zariya City gates but when the rehabilitation started it later stopped with
some of the gates left untouched without any known reason. Secondly there is
need to bring back the provision of gates representatives or custodians that
will the same roles of those who took care of the gates. In the past, this will help in motoring the
people’s movement in and out the city.
Equally the traditional rulers should provide for continuous maintained
of the gates and the brick wall.
Stringent measures should be taken against those who destroy the brick
wall and use it for constructing their own houses (Sabiu, 2018).
Research Methodology
The aims of the study was to survey
information needs, information seeking behaviour of the local miners in some
affected areas of lead poison in Anka and Maru Local Government Areas of
Zamfara State, Nigeria. Survey research design was adopted for this research
project: An appraisal of traditional
wall of zazzau as a defense and war strategy. The population of this study
comprises 28 respondents which includes Palace security of Zaria Emirate
council some District Head in Zaria city, Kaduna state. Purposive
sampling techniques was used for the to sample only Palace Security and some District
Head of Zaria Emirate, Kaduna state, Nigeria. The sample size are: 21 Palace security, 07 District heads. A self-structured
questionnaire with two parts was used in collecting data from the respondents
concern. (Part A of the questionnaire contained Bio-data and part B contained
research questions). The questionnaire contained 12 items, modified likert four
scale type was used as the responses option. The instrument was faced validated
by three experts one from Measurement and Evaluation unit, School of Education,
Federal College of Education (Technical) Gusau, Zamfara state and two from
Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto. The instrument was administered to the
respondents with the help of three research assistance who were trained on how
to administer the instrument and interpret it where necessary. The instruments
were retrieved after 11 days of administering.
The data collected were analysed using frequency percentage.
Data analysis
Research question 1: Effect
of defence wall as a defense and war strategy
Instruction:
Please tick the option you prefer guided by the key below:
SA: Strongly
Agreed, A: Agree, Disagree, SD: Strongly Disagree
S/N |
ITEMS |
SA |
A |
SD |
D |
1. |
Ganuwa (Defence Wall) provide security to the
environs where it was situated |
20(71%) |
08(29%) |
- |
- |
2. |
The
essence of building the brick wall is to shield Residences and house holds |
28(100%) |
- |
- |
- |
3. |
Brick
wall serves as a sheld for the animals and their immidiate sorroundings |
28(100%) |
- |
- |
- |
4. |
The presence of brick wall and its custodians has greatly helped in
monitoring all those who go in and out of Zaria |
19(68%) |
09(32%) |
- |
- |
5. |
Ganuwa is a
source of generating internal revenue |
2(7%) |
18(64%) |
8(29%) |
- |
6. |
Ganuwa protects the town from wild animal that can
kill humans or destroy farm lands. |
28(100%) |
- |
- |
- |
(Source:
Field survey, 2021)
Table
above shows that 20 representing (71%) of the respondents have strongly agreed
that Ganuwa (Defence Wall) provide security to the environs
where it was situated, 08 representing (29%) agreed. 28 representing (100%) of
the respondents made it clear that the essence of building the brick wall is to shield
Residences and house holds, 19 representing (68%) out of the respondents
revealed that the presence of brick wall and its custodians has greatly helped in monitoring
all those who go in and out of Zaria, 18 representing (64%) out of the total
number of respondents Ganuwa is a source of generating internal revenue, 28 representing
(100%) out of the total number of respondents
strongly agreed that Ganuwa protects the town from wild animal that can
kill humans or destroy farm lands.
The
findings of this is in line with Sa’ad (1987), opined that
most Hausa communities usually erect the building around areas with large
number of tree for security reasons because such areas are believed to be
highly possessed by spirits and most Hausa people hold that such spirits give
them special protection and safety against any enemy be it human or animals.
Cluster B:
Strategies to enhance Ganuwar Zariya
Instruction:
Please tick the option you prefer guided by the key below:
SA: Strongly
Agreed, A: Agree, Disagree, SD: Strongly Disagree
S/N |
ITEMS |
SA |
A |
SD |
D |
1. |
The only way to enhance security of Zaria town is to
bring back the Ganuwa system |
28(100%) |
- |
- |
- |
2. |
Government in particular should provide fund for the
rehabilitation of Ganuwar Zazzau |
28(100%) |
- |
- |
- |
3. |
There is need to bring back the provision of gates
representatives or custodians that will have the same roles of those who took
care of the gates |
18(34%) |
2(30%) |
1(26%) |
- |
4. |
Stringent measures should be taken against those who
destroy the brick wal |
28(100%) |
- |
- |
- |
5. |
Traditional rulers should provide for continuous
maintenance of gates |
9() |
19() |
- |
- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
(Source:
Field survey, 2021)
Table above shows that 28 representing
(100%) of the respondents have strongly agreed that the only way to
enhance security of Zaria town is to bring back the Ganuwa system, 28
representing (100%) strongly agreed that Government in particular should provide
fund for the rehabilitation of Ganuwar Zazzau, 18
representing (34%) of the respondents made it clear that there is need to bring
back the provision of gates representatives or custodians that will have the
same roles of those who took care of the gates..
28 representing (100%) out of the respondents revealed that stringent
measures should be taken against those who destroy the brick wall.
The
findings of this is in line with Muri (2003), observes that
part of the security strategies of the Hausa was to the movement of any
suspension character or new face in their vicinity. Given the above
association. Therefore, security is an entire process and strategy measures to
guarantee the safety of their lives, their property and above their entire
environment against any threat of enemies or external forces either human or
animals. In any society, people serve
the greatest frontiers in providing security to the environment. Security can hardly be enhanced in the
absence of stringent measures and strategies out of which is the construction
of ‘Ganuwa’ traditional brick wall.
Outcome of the Research
This investigation
reveals that the importance of “Ganuwa Zazzau” is found in many aspects of the
people’s life and cannot be over emphasis it source as the main source of
security and safety to the people of Zazzau and boosted their commercial
activities and trading opportunity due to cornstalks with other people from
other lands. It help Zazzau kingdom in
generating revenue for the purchase of weapon and other basic necessity of
life. If the Brick wall are to be
erected and the existing are maintained the issues of insecurity in some Hausa
land would be rendered just like the proposal of the new U.S President Dona
Trump made of erecting a Brick wall between America and Mexico.
Conclusion
Zazzau Kingdom
has used Brick Wall to provide security to its people other parts of Hausa land
like Daura and Keffi Kano Katsina, and Gobir have equally used the same method
to secure their town that maintain a Brick wall and city gates. If this culture will be reviewed, definitely
the security of life and properly of the people would have been
guaranteed.
Recommendations
The following recommendations were made:
i.
Government
should re-erect all the collapsed Defence Wall in an around the state for the
security of people and their properties.
ii.
More
fund should be provides to Emirates in the state to help them maintain Defence
Wall in all nock and crannies.
iii.
Penalty
should be formulated for any person who break or attempt to break the wall
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