NA
Salima Suleiman
Isah
Sashen Koyar Da
Harsunan Nijeriya,
Jam’iar Umaru Musa Yar’adua, Katsina
Tsakure
Samuwar harshe na
ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan ban mamaki na hallitar
Ubangiji ga ɗan Adam. Haka ya sa
aka himmatu ga nazarin yadda yara da manya ke sarrafa harshensu ta hanyoyi daban-daban.
Jam’i a harshen Hausa yana ba da gagarumar gudunmuwa a harshen, domin ta hanyarsa
ne ake tantance tilo, sannan ta hanyarsa ne ake gane ƙimarabu da adadi. Haka
kuma, Jam’i ya kasance abu ne da ake aiwatar da shi yau da kullum. Domin da
wuya a yi magana ɗaya ba tare da an
aiwatar da shi ba. Manufar wannan maƙala ita ce nuna yadda yara sukan tsara
jam’insu a harshen Hausa. An bi matakai na haƙiƙa wato zahiri wajen hanyar gudanar da wannan bincike
wato wajen sauraron yara yayin furucinsu, ko kuma faɗin kalma, su kuma su ba da jam’inta gwargwadon fahimtarsu. An yi amfani da ra’in’Emergantism
theory’ wato ra’i ne na ‘Machwinneys ’(1989) wanda ya yi nazari a kan harshen
Ingilishi da Jamusanci, a inda ya nuna yadda yara suke sauye-sauyen ɗafi a jam’insu a tsakiyar kalma ko a ƙarshen kalma a waɗannan harsunan. Sakamakon bincike ya gano cewa, yara da ke a matakin shekaru
takwas zuwa tara sukan tsara jam’insu a kan kuskure, ba tare da la’akari da sun
yi daidai ba, ko akasin haka, domin kuwa su a wajensu daidai ne.
Fitilun Kalmomi: Walwalar Harshe,
Jam’i, Ɗafi, Hausar Yara
1.0 Gabatarwa
Wannan bincike ya
yi nazari ne a kan yadda yara sukan tsara jam’insu a harshen Hausa. Wannan bincike
ne da aka gudanar a kan wasu yara guda huɗu, waɗannan yara suna a matakin shekara takwas zuwa tara, kuma an ɗauki mata biyu, maza biyu. Wannan nazari ya gano cewa waɗannan yara da ke a wannan matakin za su iya sakin jikinsu su ba da haɗin kai wajen gano abin da ake so. Domin suna a matakin da za a iya cewa,
suna iya tantance abu mai yawa da akasin haka. Don haka, bunƙasar tunanin yara ya dogara ne, a kan dukkan wasu
hanyoyi da ke sa ƙwaƙwalwarsu yin aiki. Don haka yadda tunani da
harda suke da dangantakar harshe, haka ma ake samun bunƙasar fahinta. Saboda haka, wannan nazari ya dogara ne, a kan
yadda bunƙasar tunanin yara
yake, da kaifin tunaninsu, dangane da yadda suke tsara jam’insu a harshen
Hausa.
1.1 Ma’anar Jam’i
Jam’ i kalma ce mai
tantance tilo da yawa. Jam’i hanya ce da ake bi wajen tantance ƙimar abu Haspelmath (2002). Ana samun jam’i a
cikin ɓangarorin nahawu. Suna yana zuwa a jam’i ne, wanda a
cikinsa ake tantance tilo da yawa. Dihoff (1971). Ana yin amfani da ɗafi ga saiwar kalma yayin jam’inta abubuwa. Ana samun haka, ga abin da ya shafi
suna, ko sifa ko aikatau wajen jam’antawa. Haka kuma, ana samun kalmomi, a
cikin harshen Hausa masu ɗauke da ɗafi a ƙarshen kalma yayin
jam’antawa.
1.1.2 Kashe-Kashen
Jam’i a Hausa
Masana da dama
sun kawo yadda za a lissafta kashe-kashen jam’i a Hausa. Masana kamar su Parson
(nd), da Dihoff (1971), da Kraft Green (1973), da Zaria (1981) da sauransu duk
sun yi tarraya, tare da samun bambancin ra’ayi a wurare da dama game da jam’i
da jam’antawa a Hausa. Parson (nd ) ya kasa shi zuwa gida goma, sannan Kraft da
Green (1973), su ma sun kawo nasu amma sun raba su zuwa manyan azuzuwa guda huɗu. Haka kuma, Mukoshy (1978), ya kawo nasa azuzuwan guda takwas, ya kawo waɗanda ya ambata da sanannu, a inda ya nuna sauran kuwa ba su cika ɗaukar matsayin wancan ba. Bugu da ƙari, Zaria (1981), ya kawo azuzuwa guda tara ne a kan jam’intawa a Hausa.
Abubakar (2001), kuma ya kawo nasa, a inda ya nuna cewa yana ɗauke da ɗafa-ƙeya har guda ashirin da biyu, da ake jam’antawar kalmomi a Hausa. Ya nuna cewa,
ana iya kintatarsu dangane da karin sauti da kuma wasulla da tilo da ke gare su.
2. 1 Tsarin Ginin Jam’in Hausa ga Yara Dangane da
Musayar Ɗafi
Yara na yin
tsarin jam’in kalma gwargwadon fahimtarsu. Suna ɗauko wani ɗafi su yi a ƙarshen kalma ko a tsakiyar kalma, wannan ya saɓa wa tsarin jam’i a harshen Hausa. Wannan ɗafi kuwa, ɗafa-ƙeya ne, ko ɗafa-ciki wanda yake zuwa a tsakiyar kalma ko a ƙarshen kalma. Yar’adua (2004), ya bayyana ɗafa-ƙeya, da cewa shi
ne abin da ake liƙa wa saiwar kalma
a ƙarshe a wajen gina
kalma. Ƙarshen kalma a
nan, shi ne ƙeyarta. Ɗafa-ciki, shi ne yake zuwa a tsakiyar kalma.
Jinju (1980), ya ce
ana kiran ɗafi da sunan ƙarin ma’ana. Wato kenan zuwansa yana ƙara wa kalma ta asali ma’ana. Misali tilo zuwa jam’i. A harshen Hausa akwai
kalmomi da ake jami’nta su ba tare da ƙarin ɗafi a saiwar kalmar ba, kalmar ce take canzawa gaba ɗayanta Leben (1991). A nahawun Hausa akwai kalmomin jam’i da ake jam’inta su
wato a iya cewa, jam’in jam’i Bature (1990). Sannan kuma ana samun nannagen kalmomi
yayin jam’inta wasu kalmomi a harshen Hausa Yakasai (2006). Yara na tsara jam’insu
a harshen Hausa, gwargwadon fahimtarsu. Yara sukan furta waɗannan kalmomi yayin furucinsu. Yara sukan furta waɗannan kalmomi dangane da abin da tunaninsu ya kawo masu, ba tare da
la’akari da sun yi daidai ba, ko akasin haka. Dangane da haka, kowane tsarin jam’in
da suka yi an sa sunan yankansu a cikin baka. Wannan ya haɗa da Khadijah (KH) da Najibullahi (NJ) da Sa’adatu (SA), da Saifullahi
(SF). An ɗauki ɗafin /ukaa/ da
/aayee/ da /oobii/domin nuna yadda yara suka yi musayar ɗafi dangane da jam’in kalma a harshen Hausa.
2.1.1 Tsarin Ginin Jam’in Yara Dangane da Musayar Ɗafi Zuwa Ɗafin /ukaa/
Ɗafin/Ukaa/-Yara na tsarin ginin
jam’insu gwargwadon fahimtarsu. Yara suna furta waɗannan kalmomi yayin furucinsu, wannan ya haɗa da lokacin da suke wasa ko labari ko faɗa ko makamancin haka. Yara suna yin wannan ba tare da la’akari da sun yi daidai
ba ko akasin haka. Duk abin da yaro ya yi shi a wajensa daidai ne. Yara na tsara
jam’insu dangane da abin da ya shafi kalmomi masu ɗauke da wani ɗafin, zuwa ɗafin /ukaa/, dubi
waɗannan misalai;
Kalma |
Saiwa |
Ƙarin ma’ana |
Jam’i |
Fassara |
Àllóo |
all |
únàa |
all-únàa |
slates |
Jam’in (NJ) - allúkàa
Jam’inta a
harshen Hausa - allúnàa
Ma’anarta a
harshen Ingilishi - slate
Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na all. Saiwa tushe ne na kalma, wanda ba ya da wani ɗofane a jikinsa. Sannan akan yi mata ɗofanen tsirau.
Saiwa ba ta zuwa da wasalin ƙarshe. An samu ɗafin /oo/, a
tilon kalma, wanda ya samar da cikakkiyar kalma. An samu ƙarin ma’ana mai ɗauke da ɗafin /unaa/, a ƙarshen kalma, bisa mizanin daidaitacciyar
Hausa, wanda ya samar da jam’inta a harshen Hausa. Wannan ya faɗa ƙarƙashin ɗafa-ƙeya. Ɗafa-ƙeya, wani abu ne
da ake liƙa wa saiwar kalma
a ƙarshen kalmar, ƙarshen kalma shi ne ƙeyarta. Ana kiran ɗafa-ƙeya da sauran ɗafi da sunan ƙarin ma’ana watau
zuwansa yana ƙara wa kalma ta
asali ma’ana daga tilo zuwa jam’i. An samu musayar ɗafin /ukaa/, a harshen Hausa
dangane da jam’in yara.
Kalma |
Saiwa |
Qarin ma’ana |
Jam’i |
Fassara |
Bùhúu |
bùh |
únàa |
búh-únàa |
sacks |
Jam’in (NJ) -
bùhùkáa
Jam’imta a
harshen Hausa - búhúnàa
Ma’anarta a
harshen Ingilishi - sack
Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na buh. Saiwa ita ce zuciyar kalma, wadda ba ta da sauran ɗofane a jikinta. An samu ɗafin /uu/, a tilon
kalma, wanda ya samar da cikakkiyar ma’anar kalma. An samu ƙarin ma’ana na /unaa/, a ƙarshen kalma,
bisa mizanin daidaitacciyar Hausa, wanda ya samar da jam’inta a harshen Hausa. Wannan
ya faɗa ƙarƙashin ɗafa-ƙeya. Ɗafa-ƙeya, wata hanya ce mai yalwa da ake tsira da kumburar kalma. An samu canjin
tsari zuwa ɗafin /ukaa/, a
ƙarshen kalma,
wannan ya saɓa wa tsarin ginin jam’in kalma.
Kalma |
Saiwa |
Ƙarin ma’ana |
Jam’i |
Fassara |
Sánhòo |
Sánh |
únàa |
sánh-únàa |
woven grass bags |
Jam’in (SA) -
sànhúkàa
Jam’inta a
harshen Hausa - sánhúnàa
Ma’anarta a
harshen Ingilishi - woven grass bag
Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na sanh. Saiwa tushe ne na kalma, wadda a kanta ake ɗosana ƙwayoyin ma’ana dogarau,
ko dai a gabanta ko a bayanta. An samu ɗafin/oo/, a tilon
kalma, wanda ya ba da cikakkiyar ma’anar kalma. An samu ƙarin ma’ana na /unaa/,
a ƙarshen kalma,
bisa mizan daidaitacciyar Hausa, wannan ya samar da jam’inta a harshen Hausa.
Wannan ya faɗa kan ɗafa-ƙeya. Ɗafa-ƙeya, ɗafi ne da ake liƙa wa saiwar kalma
a ƙarshe. An sami ɗafin /ukaa/ a ƙarshen kalma wannan ya saɓa wa tsarin ginin jam’in kalma.
Kalma |
Saiwa |
Ƙarin ma’ana |
Jam’i |
Fassara |
Zóomóo |
Zóm |
áayée |
zóom-áayée |
hares |
Jam’in (SA) -
zóomúkàa
Jam’inta a
harshen Hausa - zóomàayée
Ma’anarta a harshen
Ingilshi - hare
Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na zom. Saiwa tushe ne na kalma, wanda a kanta ake ɗosana ƙwayoyin ma’ana,
akan yi mata ɗofanen tsirau don samun kalma. An samu ɗafin /oo/, a tilon kalma, wanda ya ba da cikakkiyar ma’anar kalma. An samu ƙarin ma’ana na /aayee/, a ƙarshen kalma bisa
mizanin daidaitacciyar Hausa, wannan ya samar da jam’inta a harshen Hausa.
Wannan ya faɗa kan ɗafa-ƙeya. Ɗafa-ƙeya, ɗafi ne da ke zuwa a ƙarshen kalma. An samu musayar ɗafi zuwa ɗafin /ukaa/, a tsarin jam’in
kalma, wannan ya saɓa wa tsarin ginin
jam’in kalma a harshen Hausa.
Kalma |
Saiwa |
Ƙarin ma’ana |
Jam’i |
Fassara |
Aduwàa |
adúw |
óoyii |
adúwóoyii |
desert dates |
Jam’in (KH) -
áduwúkàa
Jam’int a harshen
Hausa - ádúwóoyii
Ma’anarta a
harshen Ingilishi - desert date
Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na aduw. Saiwa ita ce zuciyar kalma, wadda ɗafin tsirau ke zuwa tare da ita. An samu ɗafin /aa/, a tilon kalma, wanda ya samar da cikakkiyar ma’anar kalma. An
samu ƙarin ma’ana na wasali
biyu, baƙi, wasali biyu,
na /ooyii/, a ƙarshen kalma. Wannan ya samar da jam’inta a harshen
Hausa.Wannan ya faɗa kan ɗafa-ƙeya. Ɗafa-ƙeya, ɗafi ne da ake liƙa wa saiwar kalma a ƙarshe a gina kalma, ƙarshen kalma a nan, shi ne ƙeyarta. An samu ɗafin/ukaa/, wannan ya saɓa wa tsarin ginin jam’in kalma.
Kalma |
Saiwa |
Ƙarin ma’ana |
Jam’i |
Fassara |
Dákalii |
dàkál |
Ái |
dàkàl-ái |
doas at front of house |
Jam’in (SA) -
dákálúkáa
Jam’inta a
harshen Hausa - dákalai
Ma’anarta a
harshen Ingilishi - doas at front of house
Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na dakal. Saiwa wani ɓangare ne na kalma
wanda ba ya da wani ɗofane a jikinsa.
An samu ɗafin/ii/, a tilon kalma wanda ya ba da cikakkiyar ma’anar
kalma. An samu ƙarin ma’ana, na /ai/, a ƙarshen kalma. Wannan ya samar da jam’inta a harshen
Hausa. An samu canjin tsarin zuwa yin ɗafa-ƙeya. Ɗafa-ƙeya, wata hanya ce
mai yalwa da ake tsira da kumburar kalma. An samu musayar ɗafin zuwa ɗafin /ukaa/, a
ƙarshen kalma.
Kalma |
Saiwa |
Ƙarin ma’ana |
Jam’i |
Fassara |
Kófótóo |
Kóofát |
Ái |
kòofàat-ái |
hooves |
Jam’in (NJ) -
kóofàtukàa
Jam’inta a
harshen Hausa - koofatai
Ma’anarta a
harshen Ingilishi - hoof
Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na kofat. Saiwa wani ɓangare ne na kalma
wanda ba ya da wani ɗofane a jikinsa,
kuma nan ne zuciyar kalma. An samu ɗafin /oo/, a
tilon kalma, wanda ya ba da cikakkiyar ma’anar kalma. An samu ƙarin ma’ana na /ai/, a ƙarshen kalma,
bisa mizanin daidaitacciyar Hausa, wanda ya samar da jam’inta a harshen Hausa.
Wannan ya faɗa ƙarƙashin ɗafa-ƙeya. Ɗafa-ƙeya, wani abu ne da zuwansa yana ƙara wa kalma ta asali ma’ana daga tilo zuwa jam’i. An samu musayar ɗafi zuwa ɗafin /ukaa/, a
ƙarshen kalma,
dangane da jam’in yaro, wannan ya saɓa wa tsarin ginin
jam’in kalma.
Kalma |
Saiwa |
Ƙarin ma’ana |
Jam’i |
Fassara |
Mákáawúyàa |
Mákáwúy |
óoyii |
Mákáwúy-oóyii |
Parti coloured cap/turban worn |
Jam’in (SA) -
mákáawúyúkàa
Jaminta a harshen
Hausa - makaawuyooyii
Ma’anarta a
harshen Ingilishi - parti coloured cap
Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na makawuy. Saiwa tushe ne na kalma, wadda a kanta ake ɗosana ƙwayoyin ma’ana,
ko dai a bayanta ko a gabanta. An samu ɗafin/aa/, a tilon
kalma, wanda ya samar da cikakkiyar ma’anar kalma. An samu ƙarin ma’ana na wasali biyu baƙi, wasali biyu, na /ooyii/, a ƙarshen kalma,
bisa mizanin daidaitacciyar Hausa, wannan ya samar da jam’inta a harshen Hausa.
Sannan kuma, ya faɗa kan ɗafa-ƙeya. Ɗafa-ƙeya, shi ne abin da aka maƙala wa tushen kalma a ƙarshenta watau a ƙeyarta. An samu musayar
ɗafi zuwa ɗafin /ukaa/, a ƙarshen kalma, wanda ya canza tsarin ginin jam’in kalma.
Kalma |
Saiwa |
Ƙarin ma’ana |
Jam’i |
Fassara |
Fátálwàa |
fátálw |
óoyii |
Fátálw-óoyii |
ghosts |
Jam’in (KH) - Fáálwúkáa
Jam’inta a
harshen Hausa - fátálwóoyii
Ma’anarta a
harshen Ingilishi - ghost
Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na fatalw. Saiwa sashe ne na kalma wanda ba ya canzawa, kuma ba
ta da wasalin ƙarshe. An samu ɗafin /aa/, a tilon kalma, wanda ya samar da cikakkiyar ma’anar kalma. An samu
ƙarin ma’ana na wasali
biyu, baƙi, wasali biyu na/ooyii/, a ƙarshen kalma, bisa mizanin daidaitacciyar Hausa, wannan ya
samar da jam’inta a harshen Hausa. An samu canjin tsarin zuwa yin ɗafa-ƙeya. Ɗafa-ƙeya, ƙarin ma’ana ne
wanda zuwansa yana ƙara wa kalma ta
asali ma’ana daga tilo zuwa jam’i. An samu musayar ɗafin zuwa ɗafin /ukaa/, a
ƙarshen kalma wannan
ya saɓa wa tsarin ginin jam’in kalma.
2.1.2 Tsarin Ginin Jam’in Yara Dangane da Musayar
Ɗafi Zuwa Ɗafin /aayee/
Ɗafin /aayee/- Yara suna yin
tsarinsu dangane da abin da ya shafi wasu kalmomi masu ɗauke da wani ɗafi daban, suna musanya su da ɗafin /aayee/, a harshen Hausa. Yara suna yin wannan tsari ko da kuwa ya saɓa wa tsari na ginin jam’in kalma, su a wurinsu daidai ne. Daga cikin kalmomi
da aka yi bincike aka samu akwai;
Kalma |
Saiwa |
Ƙarin ma’ana |
Jam’i |
Fassara |
Addáa |
Add |
únáa |
add-únàa |
matchets |
Jam’in (KH) - addàyée
Jam’inta a
harshen Hausa - addúnàa
Ma’anatra a
harshen Ingilishi - matchet
Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na add. Saiwa tushe ne na kalma, wadda a kanta ake ɗosana ƙwayoyin ma’ana dogarau,
ko dai a gabanta ko a bayanta. An samu ɗafin /aa/, a
tilon kalma, wanda ya samar da cikakkiyar ma’anar kalma. An samu ƙarin ma’ana na /unaa/, a ƙarshen kalma,
bisa mizanin daidaitacciyar Hausa, wanda ya samar da jam’inta a harshen Hausa.
An samu canjin tsarin zuwa yin ɗafa-ƙeya. Ɗafa-ƙeya, shi ne abin
da ake liƙa wa saiwar kalma
a ƙarshe a gina kalmar.
Ƙarshen kalmar shi
ne ƙeyarta. An samu musayar
ɗafin zuwa ɗafin /aayee/, a ƙarshen kalma.
Kalma |
Saiwa |
Ƙarin ma’ana |
Jam’i |
Fassara |
Báakii |
Bák |
ùnáa |
báak-únàa |
mouth |
Jam’in (KH) - báakánaàyée
Jam’inta a
harshen Hausa - báakúnàa
Ma’anarta a
harshen Ingilishi - mouth
Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na bak. Saiwa wani ɓangare ne na kalma,
wanda ba ya da wani ɗofane a jikinsa.
Kuma nan ne zuciyar kalma. An samu ɗafin /ii/, a tilon
kalma, wanda ya samar da cikakkiyar ma’anar kalma. An samu ƙarin ma’ana na /unaa/, a ƙarshen kalmar bisa
mizanin daidaitacciyar Hausa, wannan ya samar da jam’inta a harshen Hausa. An
samu canjin tsarin zuwa ɗafa-ƙeya. Ɗafa-ƙeya, shi ne ƙarin ma’ana wanda zuwansa yana ƙara wa kalma ta asali ma’ana daga tilo zuwa jam’i.
An samu musayar ɗafi zuwa ɗafi na /aayee/, a ƙarshen kalma, wannan ya saɓa wa tsarin ginin jam’in kalma a harshen Hausa.
Kalma |
Saiwa |
Ƙarin ma’ana |
Jam’i |
Fassara |
Gàrmáa |
Gárm |
únàa |
gárm-únàa |
large hoes |
Jam’in (SA) - gármáyée
Jam’inta a
harshen Hausa - gármúnàa
Ma’anarta a
harshen Ingilishi - large hoe
Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na garm. An samu ɗafina /aa/, a
tilon kalma wanda ya ba da cikakkiyar ma’anar kalma. An samu ƙarin ma’ana na /unaa/, a ƙarshen kalma,
bisa mizanin daidaitacciyar Hausa, wanda ya samar da jam’inta a harshen Hausa.
An samu canjin tsarin zuwa yin ɗafa-ƙeya. Ɗafa-ƙeya, ɗafi ne da ke zuwa a ƙarshen kalma. An samu musayar ɗafi zuwa ɗafi na /aayee/, a ƙarshen kalma, wanda ya saɓa wa tsarin ginin jam’in kalma a harshen Hausa.
Kalma |
Saiwa |
Ƙarin ma’ana |
Jam’i |
Fassara |
Géemùu |
Gém |
únàa |
géem-únàa |
beards |
Jam’in (KH) - géemàyée
Jam’inta a
harshen Hausa - géemúnáa
Ma’anarta a
harshen Ingilishi - beard
Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na /gem/. Saiwa sashen kalma ne wadda ba ta canzawa, kuma ba
ta da wasalin ƙarshe. An samu ɗafin /uu/, a ƙarshen kalma,
wanda ya samar da cikakkiyar ma’anar kalma. An samu ƙarin ma’anar /unaa/,
a ƙarshen kalma,
bisa mizanin daidaitacciyar Hausa, wanda ya samar da jam’inta a harshen Hausa.
An samu canjin tsari zuwa yin ɗafa-ƙeya. Ɗafa-ƙeya, wata hanya ce
ma iyalwa da ake tsira da kumburar kalma. An samu musayar ɗafi zuwa ɗafi na /aayee/,
a ƙarshen kalma.
Kalma |
Saiwa |
Ƙarin ma’ana |
Jam’i |
Fssara |
Jikàa |
Jik |
únàa |
Jik-únàa |
bags |
Jam’in (NJ) -
jikúnàayée
Jam’inta a
harshen Hausa - jikùnáa
Ma’anarta a
harshen Ingilishi - bag
Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na/jik/, An samu ɗafin /unaa/, a ƙarshen kalma, wannan ya samar da cikakkiyar rma’anar kalma.
An samu musayar ɗafi na ɗafa-ƙeya, a ƙarshen kalma zuwa yin ɗafi na /aayee/, Wannan ya danganci tsarin jam’i
na yaro a harshen Hausa.
Kalma |
Saiwa |
Ƙarin ma’ana |
Jam’i |
Fsssara |
Dóokii |
Dók |
únàa |
dóok-únàa |
Horses |
Jam’in (KH) -
dokúnaayée
Jam’inta a
harshen Hausa - dookunàa
Ma’anarta a
harshen Ingilishi - horse
Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na/dok/. Saiwa wani ɓangare ne na kalma,
wanda ba ya da wani ɗofane a jikinsa.
An samu ɗafin /ii/, a ƙarshen kalma, wannan ya samar da cikakkiyar ma’anar kalma. An samu ƙarin ma’ana na /unaa/, a ƙarshen kalma,
bisa mizanin daidaitacciyar Hausa, wannan ya samar da jam’inta a harshen Hausa.
An samu canjin tsari zuwa yin ɗafa-ƙeya. Ɗafa-ƙeya, ƙarin ma’ana ne wanda zuwansa ke ƙara wa kalma ta asali ma’ana daga tilo zuwa jam’i.
An samu musayar ɗafi zuwa ɗafi na /aayee/, a ƙarshen kalma, wannan ya saɓa wa tsarin ginin jam’in kalma.
Kalma |
Saiwa |
Ƙarin ma’ana |
Jam’i |
Fassara |
Jirgii |
Jirg |
Agée |
Jir-àagée |
aeroplanes |
Jam’in (SA) - jirgunàayée
Jam’inta a
harshen Hausa - jiraagée
Ma’anarta a
harshen Ingilishi - aeroplane
Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na /jirg/, Saiwa tushe ne na kalma, wadda a kanta ake ɗosana ƙwayoyin ma’ana dogarau
ko dai a bayanta ko dai a gabanta. An samu ɗafin /ii/, a tilon kalma, wanda ya samar da cikkakiya rma’anar kalma. An
samu ƙarin ma’ana na /ee/, a ƙarshen kalma, wannan ya samar da jam’inta a harshen
Hausa. An samu canjin tsarin zuwa yin ɗafa-ƙeya a ƙarshen kalma. Ɗafa-ƙeya, ƙarin ma’ana ne wanda zuwansa ke ƙara wa kalma ta asali ma’ana daga tilo zuwa jam’i. An samu musayar ɗafi zuwa ɗafi na /aayee/,
a ƙarshen kalma.
Kalma |
Saiwa |
Ƙarin ma’ana |
Jam’i |
Fassara |
Riigáa |
Rig |
ùnáa |
riig-únàa |
gowns |
Jam’in (SA) - rigunàayée
Jam’inta a
harshen Hausa - rigunaa
Ma’anarta a
harshen Ingilishi - dress
Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na /rig/. Saiwa wani ɓangare ne na kalma,
wanda ba ya da wani ɗofane a jikinsa. An
samu ɗafi /aa/ a tilon kalma a ƙarshen kalma, wannan ya samar da cikakkiyar ma’anar kalma.
An samu ƙarin ma’ana na /ee/, a ƙarshen kalma, wannan ya samar da jam’inta a harshen
Hausa. An samu canjin tsarin zuwa yin ɗafa-ƙeya. Ɗafa-ƙeya, ɗafi ne da ake maƙala wa tushen kalma
a ƙarshenta. An samu
musayar ɗafi zuwa yin ɗafi na /ayee/, a ƙarshen kalma.
Kalma |
Saiwa |
Ƙarin ma’ana |
Jam’i |
Fassara |
Kéeke |
Kék |
únàa |
kéek-únàa |
bicycles |
Jam’in (NJ) - kéekánayee
Jam’inta a
harshen Hausa - kéekúnàa
Ma’anarta a
harshen Ingilishi - bicycles
Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na kek. Saiwa ita ce sashen kalma, wanda ba ya canzawa. An
samu ɗafin /ee/, a tilon kalma, wannan ya ba da cikakkiyar ma’anar
kalma. An samu ƙarin ma’ana na /unaa/, a ƙarshen kalma wannan ya samar da jam’inta a harshen Hausa.
An samu musayar ɗafi zuwa yin ɗafa-ƙeya. Ɗafa-ƙeya, ɗafi ne da ake maƙala wa tushen kalma
a ƙarshenta. An samu
musayar ɗafi zuwa ɗafi na /aayee/, a ƙarshen kalma, wannan ya saɓa wa tsarin ginin jam’in kalmar.
2.1.3 Tsarin Ginin Jam’in Yara Dangane da
Musayar Ɗafi Zuwa Ɗafin /oobii/
Ɗafin /oobii/- Yara suna tsarin
jam’insu masu ɗauke da kalmomi da ke da wani ɗafi zuwa ga wannan ɗafi gwargwadon fahimtarsu,
suna ɗauko wannan ɗafi, su sa shi ga
wannan ɗafi dubi waɗannan misalai;
Kalma |
Saiwa |
Ƙarin ma’ana |
Jam’i |
Ma’ana |
Báahóo |
Báh |
únàa |
báah-únàa |
large basin |
Jam’in (KH) - baahóohii
Jam’inta a
harshen Hausa - báahunáa
Ma’anarta a
harshen Ingilishi - big basin
Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na bah. Saiwa tushe ne na kalma, wanda ba ya da wani ɗofane a jikinsa. Sannan akan yi mata ɗofanen tsirau. An
samu ɗafin /oo/, a tilon kalma, wannan ya samar da cikakkiyar ma’anar
kalma. An samu ƙarin ma’ana na ɗafin /unaa/, a ƙarshen kalma, wannan ya samar da jam’inta a harshen
Hausa. Wannan ya faɗa kan ɗafa-ƙeya. Ɗafa ƙeya, wani abu ne da ake liƙa wa saiwar kalma a ƙarshe a gina kalmar. An samu musayar ɗafi zuwa yin ɗafi na wasali biyu, baƙi, wasali biyu na /oohii/, a ƙarshen kalmar, wannan ya saɓa wa tsarin ginin jam’in kalma.
Kalma |
Saiwa |
Ƙarinma’ana |
Jam’i |
Fassara |
Bàrgóo |
Bárg |
únàa |
bárg-únàa |
Blankets |
Jam’in (NJ) -
bargóogii
Jam’inta a
harshen Hausa - bárgúnàa
Ma’anarta a
harshen Ingilishi - blanket
Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na barg. Saiwa ita ce zuciyar kalma, wadda ba ta da sauran ɗofane a jikinta. An samu ɗafin /oo/, a
tilon kalma, wannan ya samar da cikakkiyar ma’anar kalma. An samu ƙarin ma’ana na ɗafin /unaa/, a ƙarshen kalma, bisa mizanin daidaitaciyar
Hausa, wannan ya samar da jam’inta a harshen Hausa. Wannan ya faɗa ƙarƙashin ɗafa-ƙeya. Ɗafa-ƙeya, wata hanya ce
mai yalwa da ake tsira da kumbura kalma. An samu musayar ɗafi zuwa ɗafi na wasali biyu, baƙi, wasali biyu, na /oogii/,
a ƙarshen kalma.
Kalma |
Saiwa |
Ƙarinma’ana |
Jam’i |
Ma’ana |
Càrbii |
Cárb |
únàa |
cárb-únàa |
rosaries |
Kalma saiwa ƙarin ma’ana Jam’i Ma’ana
càrb-ii carbunàa carb-unàa
- rosaries
Jam’in (NJ) - carboobii
Jam’inta a
harshen Hausa - carbunàa
Ma’anarta a
harshen ingilishi - rosary
Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na carb. Saiwa tushe ne na kalma, wadda ake ɗosana ƙwayoyin ma’ana ko
dai a bayan ta ko a gaban ta. An samu ɗafin /ii/, a
tilon kalma, wannan ya samar da cikakkiyar ma’anar kalma. An samu ƙarin ma’ana na ɗafin /unaa/, a ƙarshen kalma bisa mizanin daidaitacciyar
Hausa, wanda ya samar da jam’inta a harshen Hausa. Wannan ya faɗa ƙarƙashin ɗafa-ƙeya. Ɗafa-ƙeya, ɗafi ne da ake liƙa wa saiwar kalma
a ƙarshe a gina kalmar.
An samu musayar ɗafi zuwa ɗafi na wasali biyu,
baƙi, wasali biyu na
/oobii//, wannan ya saɓa wa tsarin ginin
jam’in kalma.
Kalma |
saiwa |
Ƙarinma’ana |
Jam’i |
fassara |
Máagée |
màg |
únàa |
mág-únàa |
cats |
Kalma saiwa ƙarin ma’ana Jam’i fassara
Màagee magunàa maag-unàa
- cats
Jam’in (SA) - máagóogii
Jam’inta a
harshen Hausa - maagunàa
Ma’anarta a
harshen Ingilishi - cat
Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na mag. An samu ɗafin /ee/, a
tilon kalma wannan ya samar da cikakkiyar ma’anar kalma a harshen Hausa. An
samu ƙarin ma’ana na ɗafin /unaa/, a ƙarshen kalma bisa mizanin daidaitacciyar
Hausa, wannan ya samar da jam’inta a harshen Hausa. Wannan ya faɗaƙar ƙashin ɗafa-ƙeya. An samu ƙarin ma’ana na ɗafin /oogii/, a ƙarshen kalma wannan ya danganci tsarin ginin jam’i na yara.
Kalma |
saiwa |
Ƙarinma’ana |
Jam’i |
fassara |
Húuláa |
húl |
únàa |
húul-únàa |
Caps |
Kalma saiwa ƙarin ma’ana jam’i fassara
Hul hùul-unàa huul-unàa
caps
Jam’in (NJ) - húulóolii
Jam’inta a
harsshen Hausa - húulúnàa
Ma’anarta a
harshen Ingilishi - cap
Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na /hul/. Saiwa ita ce zuciyar kalma. An samu ɗafin /aa/, a tilon kalma wannan ya samar da cikakkiyar ma’anar kalma. An
samu ƙarin ma’ana na ɗafin /unaa/, a ƙarshen kalma, wannan ya samar da jam’inta a
harshen Hausa. An samu musayar ɗafin zuwa yin ɗafin /oolii/, a ƙarshen kalma, wannan ya danganci tsarin ginin
jam’in yara.
Kalma |
Saiwa |
Ƙarinma’ana |
Jam’i |
fassara |
Karee |
Kar |
ukáa |
Kárnúkàa |
dogs |
Kalma saiwa ƙarin ma’ana Jam’i fassara
Kare karnukàa karn-ukàa
- dogs
Jam’in (SA) -
karnoonii
Jam’inta a
harshen Hausa - karnukàa
Ma’anarta a
harshen Ingilishi - dog
Wannan kalma na ɗauke da saiwa na /kar/. Saiwa tushe ne na kalma, wanda baya da wani ɗofane a jikinsa. An samu ɗafin /ee/, a ƙarshen kalma wannan ya samar da cikakkiyar ma’anar
kalma. An samu ƙarin ma’ana na /unaa/, a ƙarshen kalma wannan ya samar da jam’inta a harshen Hausa.
An samu musayar ɗafi zuwa yin ɗafin /oonii/, a ƙarshen kalma, wannan ya danganci tsarin ginin jam’in yara
3.1 Sakamakonbincike
Wannan bincike ya
gano cewa, yaro yana da babbar gudunmuwa da yake ba da wa a fagen nazari, domin
kuwa an yi ko in kula, dangane da wannan fage. Amma idan aka shiga fagen za a
ga cewa akwai abubuwa da dama, da za a iya Nazari dangane da abin da ya shafi yara,
musamman a harshen Hausa. Akwai wasu ɓangarori da za a
iya yin Nazari sosai a kansu. Sakamakon bincike ya gano cewa, yara na tsara jam’insu
bisa fahimtarsu ko da kuwa ya saɓa wa tsarin ginin
jam’i a harshen Hausa. Bincike ya gano cewa yara suna yin wasu sauye-sauyen ɗafi a ƙarshen Kalma.
Wannan ya nuna cewa, suna yin wasu ɗafe-ɗafe daban, da ya yi masu daɗi a baki, domin jam’inta
kalma. Sannan kuma bincike ya gano cewa, akwai kalmomin da ba su da jam’i a
harshen Hausa, amma yara suna yin jam’i su. Suna yi masu wasu ɗafe-ɗafe a ƙarshen kalma, wannan ya saɓa wa tsarin ginin
jam’in kalma a Hausa. Sakamakon ya gano cewa yara sun ɗauki ɗafa-ƙeya na /ukaa/da //ayee/, da /oobii/. Wajen jam’inta kalma.
4.1 Kammalawa
Kamar yadda
bayanai suka gabata, wannan takarda ta kawo irin yadda yara suke tsara ginin jam’insu
a harshen Hausa. Waɗannan yara suna
yin ɗafin wani ɗafi daban wanda ya
sha bamban da yadda tsarin jam’in yake a harshan Hausa. Dangane da haka, yara na
nuna gwanintarsu ta hanyar yin amfani da tsarin da ya zo masu, su a wurinsu daidai
ne. Abin sha’awa a nan, shi ne, kowane yaro da yadda yake tsara jam’insa daban,
da wuya a samu tsarin ya zo daidai da na ‘yan uwansa. Ana samun bambance-bambance
da dama dangane da yin haka. Don haka wannan bincike ya gano irin hanyoyin da
yara suka bi wajen jam’inta kalma a harshen Hausa, da matakan da suka kawo
haka. Saboda haka, ga baki ɗaya, wannan bincike
ya gano yadda yara suke tsara jam’insu a harshen Hausa.
Manazrta
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Mukoshy, I. A. (1978). Hausa Plurals. In
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