Daga
Dr. Mu’azu Sa’adu Muhammad
SASHIN NAZARIN HARSUNAN NIJERIYA, JAMI’AR SULE LAMIƊO, KAFIN HAUSA, JIHAR JIGAWA, NIJERIYA
07030803404
Email: muazusaadukudan299@gmail.com
Tsakure
Wannan
nazari zai dubi sanda matsayinta, da gudummowarta, da tasirinta a rayuwar
Bahaushe. Sanda ta yi kaka-gida a dukkan harkoki na gargajiya wanda Bahaushe ya
gada tun iyaye da kakanni. Maƙalar
zata kawo bayanai tare da fito da rawar da sanda take takawa a yanayin
zamankewar Bahaushe. Da farko za a kawo ma’anar sanda tare da ire-irenta,
fagagen da sanda ta kankane, da dalilan riƙeta,
da masu amfani da ita. Nazarin zai kawo irin yadda zamantakewar Bahaushe ta bai
wa sanda muhimmanci, kamar a wajen harkar fada wato sarauta, da addini, da tsaro
ko kare kai, da neman abinci ko sana’a, da magani da sauransu. Haka kuma za a
kalli irin yadda Hausawa kan yi kasuwancin sanda a tsakaninsu. Ban da wannan za
a dubi irin halin damuwa da wasu masu riƙe
sanda kan shiga idan suka buƙaceta
ba su samu ba. Maƙalar
zata kawo jirwayen sanda a adabin Bahaushe na baka, daga ƙarshe sai kammalawa da manazarta.
1.0.
Gabatarwa.
Wannan maƙala
na da ƙudurin yin nazari a kan matsayin sanda,
da gudummowarta, da tasirinta a rayuwar Bahaushe. Maƙalar zata kawo ma’anar sanda, da ire-irenta,
da kasuwancinta, da fagagen da sanda ya mamaye, tare da gano irin shaƙuwar da Bahaushe ya yi da sanda ta yadda
har bai iya gudanar da wasu abubuwa na rayuwarsa sai da ita.
Bugu da ƙari
wannan nazari ya ƙara
fito da muhimmancin sanda a tunanin Bahaushe, kamar a wajen harkar fada wato sarauta, da addini, da tsaro ko kare
kai, da neman abinci ko sana’a, da magani da sauransu. Bayan wannan
kuma, nazarin ya ƙara
nuna muhmmancin sanda a fagen adabin bakan Bahaushe. An kuma ƙara fito da irin girmamawar da ake yiwa
sanda a Bahaushiyar al’ada. A ƙarshe
sai kammalawa da manazarta.
1. 1 Ma’anar Sanda:
CNL(2006:388) Sanda-itace da aka karya ko sara daga
jikin bishiya don yin amfani da shi kamar a makami na dukan wani ko don
dogarawa. ii. na girma itace ko kwagiri na nuna muƙami da ake ba wanda aka ba sarauta.
Ayuba(2015:428)Sanda-itace da aka yanko daga bishiya
ya bushe aka gyara shi daidai riƙawa
ko dogarawa. 2. Gyararren itace miƙaƙƙe mara kauri don adon tafiya ko amfani ga makafi ko guragu.
3. kulki da za a iya duka da shi. 4. Abu ne mara kauri dangin kwagiri, kandiri,
gora, kulki.
Bisa la’akari da bayanai da masana suka yi kai tsaye
ana iya cewa, Sanda na nufin wani dogon itace ne wanda Bahaushe kan saro ta
daga bishiya, saboda wasu bukatu na musamman waɗanda
sukan taso a harkokin rayuwa ta yau da kullum. Ita sanda wata aba ce da akan riƙe ko dogarata ko tokare wani abu wanda tsawonta bai
wuce tsowon mutum ba, haka kuma gajertanta bai wuce kamu uku ba. Akwai sandar itace
wanda akan samu reshen bishiya a saro daga reshe mara kauri. Ban da wannan kuma
akwai sandar ƙarfe wanda akan yi ta
daga farin ƙarfe, ko baƙin ƙarfe
ko holoƙo ko jangari.
Bayan waɗannan
kuma, akwai sandar roba wadda zamani ya kawo. Da zarar Bahaushe ya ce sanda ya
ambaci sunanta na gama-gari. Bisa wannan dalili ya sanya ya bai wa sanda wasu
sunaye domin rarrabewa, gwargwadon girma da kuma amfani ko kuma irin abubuwan
da akan yi da ita.
1. 2 Faɗaɗa
Ma’anar Sanda
Faɗaɗa
ma’anar kalma na nufin, a ɗauki wata kalma a yi amfani
da ita a kan wani abu. ko a ba ta wata sabuwar ma’ana wanda ya saɓa da
nata na asali. A al’adar Bahaushe wadda ta zama ɗabi’a
a maganganun yau da kullum. Ya ɗauki wata kalma ya faɗaɗa
ma’narta don yin amfani da ita a wata fuskar, ko kuma wani gurbin. Wannan ɗabi’ar
kuwa, ta zama karɓaɓɓiya
a gare shi. Duk dai akan faɗaɗa
ma’anar kalma, a wani lokaci ma ba a cika gane ko tantance asalin kalmar ba.
Kalmar
sanda ita ma ba ta tsira ba daga irin wannan ɗabi’ar
ba. Bahaushe ya faɗaɗa
ma’anar kalmar sanda ta fuskoki da dama tare da sakaya ma’anar kalma a wasu
maganganun yau da kullum. Misali: -
Sandar Bagaruwa= nau’in wata akuya.
Kokarar ƙadangare=Jelar
ƙadangare
Tsabgar tsari=Jelar Tsari
Tsumangiyar kan hanya= Yunwa
Sandar Makauniya= Nau ‘in gado mai rumfa
1. 3 Ire-Iren
Sanda.
Kamar
yadda Bahaushe yace, “kowa da kiwon da ya karɓe
shi. ” Bisa wannan dalili ne yasa tilas ne ga Bahaushe ya keɓe kowace sanda tare da fayyace irin
amfanin kowace daga ciki, sannan kuma wace irin sanda sunan da ya kirata. A
wannan nazari da na yi akan harkar sanda, na fahimci akwai sanduna irin daban-daban.
Kowace daga cikinsu, Bahaushe ya bata sunan daya dace da ita, kamar haka:
1.
Gora,
2.
kwagiri,
3.
Kokara
4.
kulki,
5.
kandiri,
6.
Sandar
Mulki
7.
kere,
8.
sandar makaho
9.
Sandar
Gurgu
10.
sandar tsufa
11.
maƙata,
12.
Taɓarya,
13.
Sungumi,
14.
Sango.
15.
Sandar
dargaza.
16.
Tsabga.
17.
Tsumagiya.
18.
Sandar
fyaɗi
19.
Sandar
juyi.
20.
Sandar
su
21.
Mashi
22.
Madaɓi
23.
Mucciya
24.
Dokin
kara
Ko da yake zamani ya kawo katako duk da yake shi ma
itace ne, to amma shi ana masa kwalliya.
2. 0 Sanda A Fagen Mulki.
Sanda ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a fagen mulki wato
sarauta, saboda ana amfani da sanda a fadojin Sarakuna a Ƙasar Hausa. Bayan wannan kuma, zamani ya ƙara wa sanda matsayi inda Turawan mulkin mallaka suka ƙirƙiro
sandar ƙarfe wadda suka bai
wa Sarakuna a arewacin Nijerya wato Ƙasar
Hausa da maƙwabtansu daga
shekarar 1914. Waɗannan sanduna suna da asali ne daga sandar kandiri
wadda Limamin juma’a kan riƙe in
zai yi huɗuba. Domin a tarihi Sarakuna su ne Limamai a Ƙasar Hausa. Haka kuma sai ya ƙirƙiri
sandar kwagiri wadda ya bai wa Sarakunan kudanci Nijerya. Game da waɗannan
sanduna na sarauta har wani matsayin daraja ya basu, Da farko akwai farar sanda
mai daraja ta ɗaya,(First Class Emir) sannan da jar sanda mai daraja
ta biyu,(second class Emir) daga ƙarshe
sai kuma sanda mai daraja ta uku(third class Emir).
Alhaji Musa Ɗanƙwairo a waƙar
Shehun Borno yace:
Jagora:Farar sanda ag gareshi,
ba jar sanda ag gare shi ba,
Shi girmansa na farko ne,
ba ƙarin ƙarin
girma akai ba.
Amshi:Ɗan Umaru ba haye ma ba,
Shehun Borno Mazan jiran daga.
Alhaji Musa Ɗanƙwairo a waƙar Sarkin
Suleja yace:
Jagora:Mashi ƙirar Annabi Nuhu,
Yara:Wannan yana nan ga hannun Sarki,
Jagora:Mashi ƙirar Annabi Nuhu,
Yara:Wannan yana nan ga hannun Sarki,
Jagora:Ƙur’anin Sarkin Bagadaza,
Yara: Duk suna nan ga hannu Sarki,
Jagora:Har butar Sarki Bagadaza.
Amshi:Mai Ƙasar Suleja Ɗan Musa,
Alhaji
Mamman Shata Katsina a waƙar
Chiroman Gwambe y ace:
Jagora:Nan
munka sadu Birnin Zazzau
Ranar
bai wa Sarki Sanda,
Nai
ban kwana ya amsa min,
Sai na
zo Chiroman Gwambe,
Sai ka
zo Lawal mai Shata,
Amshi:Allah
jiƙan
Chiroman Gwambe
3. 0 Sanda A Fagen Addini
Babu shakka Bahaushe yana amfani da sanda a fagen
addini, wannan kuma ya haɗa da addinin gargajiya da addinin musulunci.
Dangane da addinin gargajiya, kamar a harkar bori akwai
bori mai nakada wadda mai shi yake hawa wata sanda ko gwangwala a matsayin dokin
kara. Haka kuma akwai wata sandar ƙarfe
fara wadda mai iska Malam Alhaji ke riƙewa.
3. 1 Sanda A Addini Musulunci
Dangane da addinin musulunci kuwa, nan ma akwai sandar
kandiri, sandar da Limamin juma’a ke riƙewa. Haka kuma akwai wani bayani da aka yi cewar wanda
yai tafiya ba sanda to lallai ya munana. Akwai wasu ƙissoshi da suka zo wasu surori a Alƙur’ani mai girma kamar ƙissar Annabi Shu’aibu, da Annabi Musa sun nuna
matsayin sanda. Kamar inda:
Annabi Shu’aibu
ya bai wa Annabi Musa sanda don ya yi kiwon dabbobi,
Sanda na ɗaya daga cikin ayoyin
da aka ba Annabi Musa.
Annabi Musa da
sanda ne ya bugi kogi Nilu ya rabe biyu, suka wuce da mutanensa, aka hallaka
mutanen Fir’auna.
Annabi Musa da sanda ne ya kara da matsafan Fir’auna
ya rinjayesu.
Alhaji Sani
Sabulu Kanoma a waƙar Halin duniya yace:
In ka ga Malam da naɗi da
allo,
ga littafi da buta da sanda.
A kwana atashi in duniya ce
sai ka ga Boka da da gitta da jkka,
ga burgami da
‘yan ƙulle-ƙulle,
Daga baya ya samu fatar biri ya ɗauro.
4. 0 Sanda Abin Dogaro
Bahaushe ya ɗauki sanda a matsayin
wata abin dogaro da kuma kare kai a fannin tsaro. Dangantakar sanda da tsoho, akwai
wata maganar azanci mai cewa ai wane yakai ga ƙafa uku, ma’ana ya tsufa yana dogara sanda.
4. 1 Sandar Gurgu: Ban da dogara sanda da tsoho yake yi, akwai sandar
gurgu wadda gurgu mai larura a ƙafa kan
yi amfani da ita. Gurgu kan yi amfani da sanda a matsayin madogara mai taimaka
masa ya yi tafiya.
4. 2 Sandar Makaho: Daga gurgu kuwa sai makaho sanda kan taimaka wa makaho
da ba shi da ido, wajen yi masa jagora hanyar da zai bi, a wasu lokota ko babu ɗan
jagora. Domin akwai wasu makafin da kan yi tafiya suka dai ta hanyar amfani da
sandarsu, musamman yanzu da zamani ya kawo sanduna masu naura, masu gwadawa
makaho hanya.
5. 0 Sanda A Fagen Tsaro
Dangane da matsayin sanda wajen tsaro ko kare kai, Bahaushe
kan yi amfani da sanda a fagen daga da sauransu. Haka kuma sanda kan ƙarawa mutum natsuwa in har yana reƙe da ita wani abun tsoro ya taso masa kamar maciji ko
kare da sauransu. Kamar wata waƙa ta
Alhaji Musa Ɗanƙwairo Maradun inda yace:
kai mai
kashe maciji,
sai bari jifa ka nemi sanda.
6. 0 Sanda A Fagen Farauta
Sanda kan taimaka wa masu zuwa farautar namun daji a
dawa, mafarauta kuma kanyi amfani da sanda a daji wajen buge wata dabba ko
tsuntsu kamar sandar kere wadda ake buge zabo da ita. Baya ga wannan kuma su kansu
mafarautan suna yin amfani da sanda wajen yin faɗa a
inda sukan kai duka da ita. Baya ga wannan kuma su kare kansu da ita idan aka
kawo masu duka, kamar sandar kokara da gora. Bayan wannan kuma akwai kulki da
sango.
Alhaji Maidaji Sabon Birni a waƙar Sarkin Zazzau yace:
Jagora:Kulkin bugun kura,
in an ka sa
takobi an ɓata.
Amshi:Balaraben Sarki,
Aikinka ya yi kyau
Sarkin Zazzau
Kamar wata waƙa ta
Alhaji Musa Ɗanƙwairo Maradun a waƙar Muhammadu Mai kawari Na Zazzau inda yace:
Harbin
giwa sai mai sango,
ko shi
ma sai akwai laya,
mai halin yabo Mamman
Mai gaskiya da imani.
7. 0 Sanda A
Fagen Yaƙi
A filin daga wato yaƙi nan ma sanda na bayar da gudunmowa, saboda akwai
mashi wanda yake shi ma sanda ce, amma ta ƙarfe mai tsinin kai, wanda akan kai suka da shi ga
abokin gaba, ko a yi jifa da shi. Sannan ga kibiya wadda ake harba ta zuwa ga
abokan gaba.
8. 0 Sanda A Fagen Sana’a
Dangane da
harkar sana’a kuwa, Bahaushe kan yi amfanin da sanda a wasu sana’o’insa, kaɗan
daga cikin sana’o’in sun haɗa da:
Sana’ar su
wadda masunta ke gudanar da ita a kogi, ta kamun kifi a inda suke amfani da
sanda wajen ɗaura ƙugiya
ko fatsa da zaren lilo domin kamun kifi a kogi.
Haka kuma akwai sana’ar rini wadda marina ke gudanarwa
a karofi ko marina a nan ma akwai sandar juyi mai kama da maburgi wadda ake
juya ruwan baba da ita.
Sana’ar ɓallota
wato masu karyo itace daga daji su sayar, akwai sandar maƙata wadda ake ɗaurawa
da dogon karan dawa ko gwangwala, suna amfani da maƙata wajen ɓallo ko fizgo
busasshen itace ko a tsinko ‘ya’yan itace.
Haka kuma akan ɗaura
zabari wani lokaci da sanda saboda ciro guga a rijiya.
Bayan wannan kuma makiyaya masu sana’ar kiwon dabbbobi
kan yi amfani da sanda wajen kiwon dabbobi musamman wajen korar su saboda kar
su yi ɓarna da kuma daidaitasu.
Masu sana’ar
fito a kogi wato matuƙa
jirgin ruwa wato kwale-kwale sukan yi amfani da sanda wajen tuƙa kwale-kwale a cikin kogi.
Sandar fyaɗi wadda mata masu
sussukar hatsi ke amfani da ita. Sandar madaɓi
wanda ake daɓen sabon ɗaki. Akwai muciya
wanda mata ke tuƙin tuwo da sana’ar ƙuli-ƙuli.
Baya ga wannan kuma a dangane da alada, sanda ta yi
kane-kane, saboda akwai inda akan yi rawar taƙai wadda samari ke yi da ita. Haka kuma a adabin baka
irinsu: Karin Magana da waƙar
baka da tashe.
9. 0 Amfanin Sanda
Bahaushe kan yi
amfani da sanda ta fuskoki masu yawa, wannan kuma ya haɗa da
tsaro ko kariyar kai. Haka kuma akwai wasu sana’o’in Bahaushe waɗanda
basa yiwo dole sai da sanda. Sana’a kamar rini dole sai da amfani da sandar
juyi. Masu sana’ar ɓallota dole sai da maƙata, masu sana’ar sussuka dole sai da sandar fyaɗi,
casar gyaɗa, ko wake dole sai da taɓarya.
Sana’ar ƙuliƙuli dole said a muciyar ƙuli, tuwo kuma da muciyar tuwo. Maata masu sana’ar
dakau dole said a taɓarya. Masunta suna yin amfani da sandar kamun kifi
fatsa.
10. 0 Jirwayen Sanda
A Adabin Bahaushe
Karin Magana
Sandar mulki ba a zunguri dake sai nuni.
Sandar dukan kura da safe ake ɗaukota.
Sandar dukan kura da rana ake samota.
Hannunka mai sanda.
Sandar dake hannunka da ita kake kai duka.
Raba makaho da sanda.
Makaho mai babbar sanda.
Idan kai na yawo sanda na yawo wataran za a haɗu.
Idan kere na yawo zabo na yawo wataran za a haɗu ne.
10. 1 Jirwayen
Sanda A Waƙoƙin Baka
Alhaji
Musa Ɗankwairo a waƙar ‘Yandoto yana cewa:
Kyawun
Ɗansarki talatin
Ɗansarki duy ya yi sittin
bai gaji gidansu ba ta ɓace
mai
sai
biɗar
jalli ai dubun jakkai
a samu na shan dawo kar alalace,
Da ɗan
kulki nai sai ka ji fas.
Alhaji
Musa Ɗankwairo a waƙar Sarkin Daura yana cewa:
Kai mai kashe maciji
sai bari jifa ka nemi sanda.
Alhaji Mamman Shata Katsina Umaru Ɗanɗanduna Na gwandu yace :
Ga mai jirgi, ga mai jirgi,
ga mai mota umaru
Gwandu
ina direbobin zamani
sukau direbobin zamani,
su san kana nan
umaru gwandu,
in don direbobin
zamani,
ɗau
sanda shiga bugun abinka,
sa gora tittiƙi abinka,
kashe biri bai kai
ga igwa ba
me zaka sawa bindiga umaru gwandu.
Umaru Ɗanɗanduna
Na gwandu
10. 2 Jirwayen Sanda A Tashe
Ma’anar
Tashe: - Wani wasa ne mai kama was an
kwaikwayo wanda yaran hausawa kan yi da watan azumin radana. Idan watan azumi
ya kai kwana goma sha uku, sai yara su fara yawo gida-gida suna yin was an tare
da waƙe-waƙe, su kuma matan gidan suna basu sadaka.
Tashe
wani wasa ne da yara kan yi a watan Azumi, bayan watan azumi ya kwana goma sha
uku, wasan tashe wani wasa ne kamar na kwaikwayo, saboda yawanci wasan yakan
zama kamar ana kwaikwayon wasu harkoki na rayuwa ta haƙiƙa. yara
kan yi wasan tashe a cikin ƙungiya,
sannan kuma kowanne tashe na da irin nashi waƙar
da ake yi.
Tsoho da gemu ya tsufa
Ka yi rawa kai malam
Kayi rawa kai malam
Ga rawani
ga allon
Ga sandar
Kulu
da karkace.
ü ZB: Kun
ga ƙulu da karkace.
Kishiya
tai min shi da taɓarya.
ü AM: Ba
ita tai miki ba.
ü ZB: Ita
tai min.
ü AM: Ba
ita tai miki ba.
ü ZB: Ita
tai min.
ü ZB: Kishiya
tai min shi da taɓarya.
ü AM: Ba
ita tai miki ba.
ü ZB: Ita
tai min.
10. 3 Jirwayen Sanda A Tatsuniya
Sandata da uwata ta bani,
Maharbi ya karɓe ya bani tsuntsuna.
10. 4 Akwai wata almarar kacici-kacici mai cewa:
Wani abu da safe yana tafiya da ƙafa huɗu, sai da rana
ya yi tafiya da ƙafa
biyu, sannan da yamma ya yi tafiya da ƙafa uku. Sai a tambayi mai saurare cewa wane abu ne? amsar
shi ne mutum. Da safe ana nufin yana yaro, ƙafa huɗu shine rarrafe
da hannuwa biyu da ƙafa
biyu, su ne huɗu. Da rana kuma, shi ne ya girma ya yi tafiya da ƙafafunsa biyu. Da yamma kuma ya yi tafiya da ƙafafu uku, wato ya tsufa ya yi tafiya da ƙafufuwansa biyu kuma ya ƙara da sanda it ace ta uku.
A wani
labarin wani tsoho da jikokinsa.
Wani Tsoho yana dogara sanda, sai jikokinsa suka ce ya
sayar masu da sandar da yake dogarawa, shi kuwa sai ya ce: Ni ma yau da gobe ce
ta sayar min, idan kuka yi haƙuri
taku tana zuwa da sannu.
11. 0 Kammalawa:
A ƙarshe wannan nazari ya hararo matsayin sanda,
da gudummowarta, da tasirinta a rayuwar Bahaushe. Maƙalar ta kawo ma’anar sanda, da ire-irenta,
da bayyana fagagen da sanda ta mamaye, tare da gano irin shaƙuwar da Bahaushe ya yi da sanda ta yadda
har bai iya gudanar da wasu abubuwa na rayuwarsa sai da ita. Babu shakka wannan
nazari ya ƙara fito da wasu
abubuwa game da muhimmancin sanda ta inda ya shafi tunanin Bahaushe, kamar
taimakawa a fagen wasu sana’u, da malamai a fagen addini, da harkar mulki . Bayan
wannan kuma, nazarin ya ƙara
nuna muhmmancin sanda a fagen magani da na tattalin arziki a rayuwar Bahaushe. An
kuma ƙara fito da irin girmamawar da ake yi wa
sanda a Bahaushiyar al’ada.
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Asalin Hausawa da Harshen su,Kano Nigeria.
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Al’ada. Tiwel Nigeria Limited Surulere, Lagos.
Ɓalewa
T. A. (1955) Shehu Umar. Northern Nigerian Publication Company, Zaria.
Ɗan Gambo
A. (1983) Kitsen Rogo. Triumph Publication Kano.
Imam A. (1937) Magana
Jari ce 1,2,3. Northern Nigerian PublicationCompany, Zaria.
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Nigerian Publication Company, Zaria.
Ingawa A. (1970)Iliya
Ɗan Mai ƙarfi.
Northern NigerianPublication Company, Zaria.
Imam A. (1939) Ruwan
Bagaja. Northern Nigerian Publication Company, Zaria.
Jabiru A. (1980) Na gari na
kowa,
Northern NigerianPublication Company, Zaria.
John U. (1955) Jiki
Magayi. Northern Nigerian Publication Company, Zaria.
Ƙamusun
Hausa(2006)Ƙamusun Hausa na
Jami’ar Bayero,Kano:Cibiyar Nazarin Harsunan Nijeriya.
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B. F. (1974) Matar Mutum Kabarinsa, Northern Nigerian
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Zuwan Musulunci a Afirka da shigowarsu Ƙasar
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HAUSA: Kuna iya rubuto mana tsokaci ko tambayoyi a ƙasa. Tsokacinku game da abubuwan da muke ɗorawa shi zai tabbatar mana cewa mutane suna amfana da wannan ƙoƙari da muke yi na tattaro muku ɗimbin ilimummuka a wannan kafar intanet.