Fasahar Bincike Na Haƙiƙa: Jagoran Ɗalibai Cikin Aikin Bincike

Paper Presented at the 1st National Conference Organised by the School of Secondary Education Languages. Federal College of Education (Technical) Gusau. Zamfara State. On Monday 4th to Thursday 8th September, 2023.

Fasahar Bincike Na Haƙiƙa: Jagoran Ɗalibai Cikin Aikin Bincike

Na

Haruna Umar Maikwari
Department of Hausa Language.
Federal College of Education (Technical) Gusau
maikwariharuna@gmail.Com
(+234) 07031280554

Tsakure

Wannan maƙala mai taken “Fasahar Bincike Na Haƙiƙa: Jagoran Ɗalibai Cikin Aikin Bincike.” Bincike na haƙiƙa shi ne irin nau’in binciken da ake yi na ilimi. Wannan bincike dai shi ne gano wani abu da ya faku ko ya ɓoyu a wani sashen na daban. Manufar wannan maƙala ita ce fito da aikin bincike na haƙiƙa da matakan da za a bi wajen yin sa. Haka kuma wannan maƙala jagora ce ga ɗalibai masu aikin bincike. Hanyar da aka bi wajen aiwatar da wannan maƙalar ita ce, ta karance-karancen bugaggun littattafai da kundayen bincike da mujallu na ilimi daga makarantu daban-daban. An kuma zaɓi a ɗora wannan binciken (Maƙala) a kan ra’in kwaɗaitarwa (Motivation Theory) wanda aka fi danganta samuwarsa daga MC Dougal, (1871). Sakamakon binciken da wannan maƙalar ta fitar shi ne, an gano cewa bincike na haƙiƙi yana buƙatar bin wasu matakai suka dandanci duban matsala, ziyarar muhallin da za a gudanar da wannan bincike wato inda matsalar take, tattaunawa da wasu masu ilimi kan abin da ake bincike a kai, samun kayan aik, (data), yin amfani da fasahar zamani (SPSS) domin nazartar kayan aikin (analysis), fitar da sakamakon abin da aka bincika.

1.0 GABATARWA

 Bincike ba ƙaramar rawa yake takawa ba a fagen ilmi ɗungurungu, don bincike tsararren tafarki ne da ake amfani da shi domin shawo kan matsala da niyyar ilmantarwa. Wannan ma ya sa masana ilmi da dama suka tofa albarkacin bakinsu dangane da ma’anar bincike. Kelinger, (1973) ya bayyana cewa, “Bincike wata tsararriyar hanya ce da ake bi ko amfani da ita don a gano wata matsala da niyyar yin gyare-gyare ko yin bayanai masu gamsarwa a kan abin da ake bincike a kai don cimma manufar da aka sa gaba. Daramola, (1992) a tasa fahimtar “Bincike tsararren tafarki ne da ke ƙoƙarin samar da mafita a kan matsalolin ilmi, tare da sasanta taƙaddamar da ke tsakanin batutuwa masu alaƙa da juna don ilmantarwa ko don koyar da wani abu da ba a sani ba”. Wani masani mai suna Lawal (1995) gani yake ba wani abu ba ne bincike illa abubuwa kamar haka:

i.        Binciko matsala/Batu

ii.      Faɗin dalilinta da amfaninta

iii.   Tattaro bayanai a kan abu tare da warware bayanan da aka tattaro

iv.   Samarda kyakkyawan sakamakon bincike

v.      Kammala bincike.  

 Onyene da Anunmu (2000) sun ce “Bancike ba wani abu ba ne illa dabara ce da ake amfani da ita don a samu damar magance wata matsala”. Wannan haka yake idan aka lura da cewa bayyanar matsala ke sa a nemi hanyar warware matsalar. Odediran (2001) ya bayar da ma’anar bincike da cewa, “Bincike ilmantarwa ne da ake amfani da ita don a gano wasu bayanai na ɓoye a kan wata matsala ko batu”. Ko shakka babu idan wani abu ya ɓata ko ya faku a wani wuri da ba a sani ba akan shiga nema don gano shi. Haka kuma da ilmi ne ake amfani wajen wajen gano duk abin da ake nema. Idan kuma wata matsala ce ta bayyana, yin binciken ta fuskar ilmi shi ke bayar da damar warware matsalar.

 Salihu (2004) yana ganin “bincike a matsayin hanyar neman abu tare da bin diddiginsa ko tace wani abu ko gano wani abu.” Abin nufi a nan shi ne idan wani abu ya ɓata bin diddiginsa na taimakawa wajen gane wannan abin. Osuala (2007) ya bayyana bincike da cewa, “shi ne matakin isa ga ingantacciyar mafita ko ingantacciyar hanyar warware wata matsala ta hanyar bin daidaitaccen kuma ƙayyadajjen tsari da sharhin bayanai.” Bunza, (2017) ya bayyana “Binciken wani abu, ta fuskar biyar taliyo, ko diddigin tushensa, da duginsa, tare da ƙwanƙwance silalen mafarinsa. Kalmar bincike tana da alaƙa da tono wani tarihi ko bayani ta fuskar tambaye-tambayen neman waɗanda suka san shi, ko suka naƙalce shi. A bincike, dole a ba da kambaɗa da cigiya da wakurwar madosa ga abin da ake son a tono ko a gano yadda yake ko yadda ake yinsa ko yadda ya kamata ya kasance.”

Binscike na haƙiƙa ya ƙunshi zaɓaɓɓen tsari da tsayayyen lokaci da nagartattun manufofi. Haka kuma ya haɗa da dabarun zahiri da aka tsara domin tattara bayanai daidai da yadda aka tsara tambayoyin da za a samar da amsar da za a gane abin da ake bincike. Ya kuma kasance akwai kayan gina shi (data) wadatattu nagartattu. Shafin internet (google). Idan aka yi la’akari da abin da masana da manazarta suka bayyana game da bincike za a iya cewa, “Bincike dai ya shafi yunƙurin shawo kan wata matsala musamman a ɓangaren ilmi domin ci gaban masu nazari da masu buƙatar magance wannan matsala.

 Da wannan za mu fahimci cewa, bincike shi ne yunƙurin gano ɓoyayyun abubuwa, sababbin bayanai, ko sabuwar hanyar amfani da wani tsohon ilmi. Hasali ma dai bincike ya ƙunshi warware wata matsala a ilmance. Al’amarin bincike al’amari ne mai buƙatar zare dantse wajen nemo wasu bayanai da za su gamsar zuwa ga gano abin nan da ake yin bincike a kansa. Wannan lamari ya fi shafar ɓangaren ilmi. Ana sa mutum ya nemo wani abu domin ya zama abin amfani ga wasu.

1.1 Hanyoyin Gudanar da Bincike

 Wannan maƙalar ta kammala ne ta hanyar karance-karancen bugaggun littattafai da muƙalu da masana da manazarta suka gabatar musamman waɗanda suka shafi aikin bincike da dabarunsa domin sanin makamarsa. Da shike taken/batu (topic/theme) na taron da suka shirya wannan haɗuwa, sun rinjaya wajen yin amfani da fasaha wajen koyarwa, na ga dacewar yin wannan maƙala tare da duban fasaha a cikin sha’anin bincke wanda kuma akwai kayan aiki da fasahar ta samar wajen inganta sha’anin bincike kamar dai fasahar da ke ƙididdige (analysis) tarin bayanai (data) da aka samu don gudanar da aikin bincike wato amfani da fasahar manhajar nazari da ƙididdige bayanai ta (SPSS).

1.2 Ra’in  Kwaɗaitarwa  (Motivation Theory)

An zaɓa ɗora wannan maƙala a kan ra’in kwaɗaitarwa (Motivation Theory) kalmar motivation ta samu fasara daga masana da dama, Garba, (2012:65) ya fasara kalmar motivation a matsayin zaburarwa wadda ya ce, “hanya ce da ake sanya mutum ƙaimin cimma wata manufa. Wannan ra’i an fi danganta samuwarsa daga MC Dougal, (1871-1838) a wani littafi nasa mai suna An Introduction to Social Psychology  ya bayyana cewa zuciya da tunanin mutane na da wani halattaccen wani hali wanda ke da ƙarfin ingiza yin duk wani tunani ko aikata wani aiki.

Ado, (2017) a maƙalarsa mai taken Sarkin Gardin Sarkin Katsina Allhaji Amadu Na Lado Gwarzon da ya yi Fice a Sana’ar Gardanci a ƙasar Katsina wadda ta fito a littafin The Heros and Heroiness of Hausa Land, ya ce shi dai ra’in kwaɗaitarwa (Motivation Theory) ra’i ne wanda yake yin bayani kan ɗabi’a da halayyar ɗan Adam ta fannin bayar da dalilin da ke sanya ko a zaburar da ɗan Adam a lokacin da yake ƙawa ko sha’awa ta mausamman, na aikata wasu ayyuka ko wani ƙuduri ko nuna wata buƙata ta rayuwa. Don haka an ɗora wannan maƙala ne a kan wannan mazhaba ta kwaɗaitarwa ga ‘yan makaranta masu neman ilimi a ƙasar Hausa, da su shiga rigar zamani a dama da su. Lura da cewa zamani ya sauya salon tafiyar da komai a yau yana tafiya ne da zamani. Kuma samun kayan aiki da fasaha ta samar ya taimaka wajen rage wahalar ƙididdigar abin da ake nazarta.

1.3 MENE NE BINCIKE NA HAƘIƘA

Bincike na haƙiƙa dai shi ne nau’in binciken da aka yi shi ta hanyar kayan aikin yinsa (data), a tattara ta kuma a tsara ta a nazarce kamar yadda ya kamata domin fito da dukkan abin da ya faku, tare da gano yaƙini a cikin bayyananne. Haka kuma akan yi tankaɗe-da-rairaya (check and balance) domin guje wa duk wata illa da za ta hana gane gaskiya. Domin shi wannan bincike na haƙiƙa shi ne ke bayar da damar yanke hukunci. Ga masu ilmin kimiyya kuma, suna ganin wannan binciken a matsayin waraka. Abin nufi a nan shi ne duk lokacin da wata cuta ta kama mutum, yin irin wannan binciken shi ke warware hanyar da za a bi wajen magance wannan matsala. Babbar buƙatar wannan bincike ita ce a gano gaskiya, idan kuma ba a gano gaskiya ba, to bincike bai kammala ba.

Bincike na haƙiƙa za a iya cewa shi ne bincike na ilmi[1].  Shi kuma binciken ilmi kamar yadda Bunza, (2017:17) ya bayyana cewa “yana buƙatar sadaukar da kai da ɗawainiyar adalcin ilmi.” Bunza ya ci gaba da cewa ya kyautu ga ɗalibin bincike ya kula da wasu muhimman abubuwa. Bunza dai ya zano wasu muhimman abubuwa waɗanda yake ganin wajibin mai aikin bincike na ilmi ne da ya bi ta kansu. Waɗannan muhimman abubuwa dai a taƙaice sun haɗa da:

i.                    Tattaro ayyukan mutane daban-daban da sunan aikin mai bincike, ya ce, “wannan ba bincike ba ne.”

ii.                  Tattaro ma’anoni na wasu kalmomi da wasu abubuwa daga ƙamusoshi na harsuna ko fannonin ilmi ba tare da wani sharhi ba shi ma dai ba bincike ba ne.

iii.               Dole ne mai binciken ilmi ya bi dabarun gudanar da bincikensa ba satar fasahar wani ba.

iv.               Duk aikin da ba ya da sakamakon bincike to ba bincike ba ne. Ba zai kyautu ga mai bincike ya yi aiki ya kammala ba tare da an ga sakamakon abin da ya aikata ba.

v.                  A bincike na ilmi akwai buƙatar mai bincike ya kauce wa kafa hujja da nasa aiki kawai. Kenan akwai buƙatar ya nemi bayanai daga wasu masana da manazarta domin kauce wa wannan illa.

vi.               A bincike na ilmi ana buƙatar kauce wa bin abin da mutum ya samu a makauce da fadanci (Miƙa wuya abada)

vii.             Ana magana da masana da malamai da ɗalibai da masu sha’awa don a kaiwace wa miƙa wuya a ɓangare ɗaya. Haka kuma akwai buƙatar a kauce wa zantuka irin na ɓangaranci kamar: Kamar yadda aka sani..., sanin kowa ne.., babu wanda bai san.... da makamantansu.

viii.           Ɗalibin bincike ya guji mayar da ilmin bincike a kansa kaɗai ko shi da mai duba shi.

ix.                Mai bincike ya kiyaye fassara aikin wani da suna nasa. Wannan ba bincike ba ne.

x.                  Mai binciken ilmi wajibinsa ne ya guje wa duk wani abu da ba nagartacce ba. Kuma wajibinsa ne ya zo da hujjoji nagartattu kar ya ɓuge ga zantuka kamar “an ce...” ko “ana zaton” ko “ga jita-jitar mutane” da sauransu.

Duk waɗannan abubuwa da Bunza ya zo da su, dole ne mai bincike na haƙiƙa (na ilmi) ya kiyaye su kar aikinsa ya rasa nagarta.

1.4 SIFFOFIN BINCIKE NA HAƘIƘA

Ɗaliban ilmi ya kamata su san cewa shi bincike na haƙiƙa yana da wasu siffofi da suka dangance shi. Misali Sadi, (2010) ya ruwaito Asika, (1991) da Baba (2005) da Abdulmalik (2006) sun tafi a kan cewa bincike na haƙiƙa yana da siffofi kamar haka:

1.      Tsari: Wannan tsari na bincike ya shafi matakai guda shida:

a.      Samuwar matsala

b.      Zayyana ko fayyace matsalar

c.       Mafuskanta wadda ke haifar da sakamakon abin da ake bincike a kai.

d.     Neman bayanan zahiri

e.      Sharhin bayanan zahiri

f.        Hukunci a kan amsar wucin gadi ko gwaji da zai warware matsalar.

2.      Bin hanyoyin warware matsalar da aka hango.

3.      Gina bincike a kan bayanin zahiri wanda aka samar ta fuskar sa ido ko dubawa da aune-aunen haƙiƙanin lamurra.

4.      Ƙimanta halayyar wanda za a sharhanta ko jaraba ta fuskar bayanan zahiri

5.      Lura da zahiri ko ɗabi’a ko yanayi (controlled situation.)

6.      Kula da ƙa’idar wanzar da bincike.

Waɗannan su ne siffofin bincike na haƙiƙa. Domin shi wannan bincike yana buƙatar a tafiyar da dukkan hanyoyin gudanar da shi bisa ga tsari mai kyau da neman hujja ta gaskiya domin inganta shi.

1.5 BINCIKE NA HAƘIƘA YANA BUƘATAR TATTARA BAYANAI.

 A bincike na haƙiƙa ya zama wajibi mai yinsa ya kasance yana mai tattara bayanai. Misali. A rubutun rayuwar wani gwarzo, ana tattara bayanai daga madogarai daban-daban:

a.      Daga gwarzon in yana raye

b.      Daga ‘yan uwa da abokan arziki ko aiki na gwarzon.

c.       Rubuce-rubucen gwarzon in akwai su, kamar waƙoƙi, littattafan addini, littattafan ilimin zamani.

d.     Rubuce-rubucen wasu a kan gwarzon ko wasu batutuwa da suka shafi gwarzon.

e.      Ma’adanan hukuma (official records) musamman waɗanda suka shafi wuraren aikinsa da ayyukan da ya yi.

f.        Jaridu da gidajen rediyo

Ana iya shirya waɗannan bayanai domin samar da sahihantaccen bincike. Mai bincike zai tsara yadda zai tattara bayanai daga dukkan waɗannan hanyoyi domin samun bayanan gaskiya a kan abin da yake bincike a kai.

1.6 BINCIKE NA HAƘIƘA YANA BUƘATAR DAIDAITO/ADALCI

A wannan fage ana buƙatar mai bincike ya daidaita tare da yin adalci a cikin bincikensa. Shi dai daidaito ya shafi kiyaye amanar ilmi. Kiyaye amanar ilmi wannan matsala ce mai nauyi.

Sau da yawan akan samu al’amurran rikici masu nauyi da asirai masu saɓani a rayuwar wasu manyan gwaraza[2]. Wasu daga cikin asiran sun shafi martabar gwarzon kila ma su iya shafar martabarsa ko ta alummarsa ko ta ƙasa ko shuwagabannin ƙasar. A irin wannan bincike mai bincike kan iya fuskantar ƙalubale ko ruɗu na tambayar mene ne adadin sahihiyar gaskiyar da aka tabbatar na abin da za a buga? Yaya mutum zai sasanta tsakanin haƙƙin al’umma na samun bayanai da wajabcin kariyar gaskiyar tarihi in sun ƙalubalanci mutuncin gwarzon da iyalansa da kuma buƙatun ƙasa?

Wannan matsala ce da za a iya samun saɓani kuma za ta yi wuyar warwarewa. A nan abubuwa biyu ne muhimmai:

i.                    Na farko dai shi ne samun yaƙini ko tabbacin sahihancin bayanin da aka samu.

ii.                  Na biyu kuma duba maslahar da za ta fi fa’ida.

 Misali idan haƙƙin ƙasa da al’umma zai salwanta, babu fa’ida a kare martabar gwarzo a ɓoye gaskiya. Idan kuma sirrin ya shafi gwarzon ne shi kaɗai ba tare da taɓa haƙƙin a’umma ba, ai ba wata fa’ida ga buga irin waɗannan bayanai. Hasali ma dai “duk mutum ɗan tara ne bai cika goma ba.” In dai alherinsa ya fi sharrinsa yawa sai a rijayar da shi ga mutane kirki.

1.7 ME YA KAMATA A SANI GAME DA BINCIKE NA HAƘIƘA?

Manazarci musamman a fagen ilmi, ya kamata ya san wasu muhimman abubuwa da za su sa ya gane sahihancin bincike. Odediran, (2007) yana ganin cewa kafin a tabbatar da sahihancin bincike san an san:

1.      Wa ya gudanar da bincike?

2.      Wa ya ɗauki nauyin binciken?

3.      Shin ko an samu wadatattun kayan aikin (data sample and rate sufficient)

4.      Shin ko Binciken ya yi amfani da wasu rubuce-rubuce?

5.      Shin ko binciken ya auna abin da ake tsammani?

6.      Ko sakamakon binciken ya game dukkan ƙasa da cibiyoyin ilmi?

Waɗannan tambayoyi su za su yi wa mai nazari jagora wajen gane sahihancin bincike. Da ma dai idan aka ce bincike na haƙiƙa, ai kalmar haƙiƙa kalma ce ta Larabci mai nufi gaskiya. Haka ma sahihanci kalma ce ta Larabci ita ma tana nufin gaskiya. Ko shakka babu waɗannan tambayoyi su ne da ke nuni ga ƙalailaicewar sahihancin aikin da aka yi.

1.8 MATAKAN GUDANAR DA BINCIKE NA HAƘIƘA

A shafin Rumbun Ilmi na Internet kuma sun zo da matakan gudanar da bincike na haƙiƙa da suka haɗa da:

1.      Duban matsala (problem observation) wannan shi ne mataki na farko na duba matsala. Babban abin da za a yi a nan shi ne a duba muhallin da ake zato matsala, sannan a shirya tunkarar wannan muhalli ta hanyar; ziyarar gani-da-ido (visit). A wannan sashen mai nazari kan tafi muhallin da ake zaton matsalar na aukuwa, don ya gane ma idonsa dukkan abin da yake zaton shi ne ya haddasa matsalar da ta saka shi aikin bincike.

2.      Bayan ya je wannan muhalli zai kuma iya tattaunawa da wasu da suke a wannan muhalli waɗanda suke da masanniya a kan abin da yake bincike a kai (interview). Yin wannan tattaunawa na sa ya samu bayani ingantacce sahihi da zai iya dogara da shi wajen shawo kan matsalar da yake bincike a kai.

3.      Abu na gaba bayan tattaunawa kuma shi ne nazari: Bayan ziyarar gani-da-ido da kuma tattaunawa, sai nazarin abin da aka gani da wanda aka tattauna domin ɗora ɗan ba ga abin da ake bincike a kai. Wannan tsari na iya bayyana matsalar da aka hango ko ake zato ƙarara domin a samu hanyar da za a bi wajen magance ta. Bayan yin nazari, sai kuma tantance matsalar (analysis of the problem). A wannan mataki ne ake tantance matsala a tabbatar da akwai ta sannan a danganta ta da manufa ko manufofi (objectives).

4.      Za a iya yi wa wannan bincike iyaka (limitation). A nan idan mai nazari ya shiga gudanar da bincike, lokacin da ya je ga wuri (Muhallin da aye sa ran wannan matsalar take wadda zai yi bincike a kai) sai ya iyakance gudun kar ya shiga wani hurumi da ba nan matsalar take ba, ko ya kauce wa abin da ya sa gaba. Yana da kyau mai bincike musamman na ilmi da ya keɓance muhalli da zai gudanar da bincikensa a kai.

5.      Bayan an yi nazari an tantance sai a samar da samfari (model development): Samar da samfarin abin da aka yi bincike a kai wani babban muhimmin al’amari ne. Ta hanyar wannan samfari za a iya auna ƙima da nauyin abin da ake bincike a kai. Kuma shi wannan samfari wata mashiya ce ga mai aikin bincike ta gwadin inganci na aikin da ya ƙudurta ko ya ke yi.

1.9 AMFANI DA MANHAJAR ƘIDIDDIGA TA SPSS

Ga amsu aikin bincike na ƙididdiga (quatitative research) galibi sukan yi amfani da basirarsu wajen ƙididdiga. Akan tattara bayanai (data) sai a ƙididdige a fitar da sahihin abin da samu wato sakamakon da ƙididdiga ta bayar. Wannan tsarin yana da wahala sosai. Ana haka sai fasahar zamani ta samar da wannan manhaja (SPSS). Wannan manhaja ita ke yin aikin da ake yi cikin wahala a dauri. A yau kuma idan aka samu wannan manhaja akan saka mata bayanan kamar yadda aka tsara daga ƙarshe sai a ba ta umarnin ta ƙididdige dukkan bayanan (data) da aka saka mata.

Wannan tsari ne mai buƙatar natsuwa da kwantar da hankali. Idan aka yi kuskure, to sakamakon abinda aka ƙididdige na iya fita da kuskure. Idan kuma aka yi shi daidai, sakamakon kan fito daidai ba tare da kuskure ba. Idan mutum ya naƙalci wannan manhaja, to duk binciken da za a yi amfani da manhajar zai zo da sauƙi. Dama dai an ce idan zamani ya ɗinka riga, saka ta shi ne hutawa.

1.10 KAMMALAWA

Wannan maƙala ta yi bayani a kan bincike na haƙiƙa, ta fito da manufar da aka gina ta a kai fasaha a bincike na ilimi. maƙalar ta samu sharar fage da bayanai daga masana da manazarta daban-daban dangane da abinda ake kira bincike. Haka kuma an duba abin da yake bincike na haƙiƙa wanda galibi bincike na ilmi ne ke bincike na haƙiƙa. Duk wani bincike da aka saka ilmi a ciki ya zama bincike na haƙiƙa. Haka kuma ta fito da wasu sifofi na binciken ilmi da kuma matakan bincike na haƙiƙa. Shawara a nan ita ce ɗaliban ilimi su duƙufa wajen koyon amfani da manhajar SPSS domin sauƙaƙa aikinsu na bincike.

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[1] Duk wani abu da aka danganta shi da gaskiya ya zama wajibi ilmi ya yi masa jagora. Haƙiƙa dai ita ce gaskiya ita kuma gaskiya ba a sanin ta sai da ilimi. Da wannan nake ganin duk wani bincike da aka gina shi a kan ilmi da bin ƙa’idojin da dokar bincike ta tanada ya zama bincike na haƙiƙa wato dai binciken ilimi.

[2] Sadi S.A. (2010) Hanyar Binciken Ilimi a Hausa. Shafi na 52.