Cite this Article as: Sani, A-U., Yankara, M.M. & Baba N. (2023). Kasuwanci a duniyar intanet: Ƙalubalen Hausawan ƙarni na 21. Yobe Journal of Language, Literature and Culture, 11, 224-253. ISSN: 2449-0660.
Kasuwanci a Duniyar Intanet: Ƙalubalen
Hausawan Ƙarni na 21
Abu-Ubaida Sani
Department of Languages and Cultures
Federal University Gusau, Zamfara State, Nigeria
Mail: abu-ubaidallah@fugusau.edu.ng, abuubaidasani5@gmail.com
Phone: +2348133529736
Muhammad Musa Yankara
mymuhammad@fudutsinma.edu.ng
Hausa Department
Federal University Dutsin-Ma
Nasir Babba
babbanasir@gmail.com
Hausa Department
Federal University Dutsin-Ma
Tsakure
Sannu a hankali
al’ummun duniya na ƙara rungumar kasuwancin duniyar intanet. Ciki har da Hausawa. Wannan ne
babban dalilin gudanar da binciken inda aka nazarci nau’uka da yanaye-yanayen
kasuwancin kan intanet da alfanu da ƙalubalen da ke tare da su da kuma hanyoyin
fuskantar waɗannan ƙalubale. Manyan
dabarun da aka yi amfani da su wajen tattara bayanai su ne nazartar bayanan
kan intanet kai tsaye da kuma hira da Hausawan da abin ya shafa. An ɗora aikin a kan ra’in Pulatoriyya (Platonism) inda
aka kalli kasuwancin duniyar intanet a matsayin mai cin gashin kansa daga
kasuwancin duniyar zahiri (duk da cuɗanyar da suke yi da juna a waɗansu lokuta). Binciken ya gano nau’ukan kasuwancin
intanet guda biyar da Hausawa ke gudanarwa. A ɓangare guda kuwa, binciken ya gano cewa,
kasuwancin kan intanet ya kasance cigaba duk da waɗansu ƙalubale da ya ƙunsa. Daga ƙarshe binciken ya ba da shawarwari da suka haɗa da sa hannun gwamnatoci da hukumomi da ɗaiɗaikun mutane
domin bin matakai da amfani da dabarun kauce wa gurɓata muhalli da yanayi yayin gudanar da hada-hadar
kasuwanci a duniyar intanet.
Fitilun Kalmomi: Kasuwanci; Intanet; Pulatoriyya
1.0 Gabatarwa
Kamar
yadda duniya ba a wuri guda take tsaye ba,[1]
haka ma al’amuran da ke cikinta kullum na kan sauyawa. Waɗannan
sauye-sauye sun shafi dukkannin ɓangarorin
rayuwa da wanzuwar dukkannin halittu.[2]
A ɓangarori da dama na rayuwa, sababbin
abubuwa da zamani ke zuwa da su na kasancewa hanjin jimina, wato akwai na ci
sannan akwai na zubarwa. Hakan ne kuma ya sa yake da matuƙar muhimmanci da a riƙa nazartar sababbin abubuwan da zamani ya samar. Wannan
zai ba da damar cin gajiyar alfanin da ke tattare da sauye-sauyen tare da samar
da nagartattun matakan fuskantar ƙalubalen
da ke tattare da su.
Fannin kasuwancin Hausawa babban bagire ne da har kullum
ke sanya rigar zamaninsa. Ƙarni
na ashirin da ɗaya (Ƙ21) ya zo da sauyi na musamman a wannan fannin. A ƙarnin ne aka samu bunƙasar intanet. Sannu a hankali intanet ya mamaye ɓangarorin
rayuwa, ciki har da lamarin kasuwanci. Sannu a hankali har aka kai bagiren da a
yau kasuwanci ba ya bunƙasa
ya kai matakin ƙoli
har sai ya rungumi duniyar intanet.
Hausawan wannan zamani ba a bar su a baya ba wajen tsunduma harkar kasuwanci da ke da alaƙa da duniyar intanet. Wannan kuwa ya kasance cikin salailai daban-daban, tun daga kan dillanci, talla, har zuwa nau’ukan ayyukan da ke buƙatar ƙwarewa da ilimummukan fannoni na musamman. Bisa wannan, akwai buƙatar gudanar da bincike domin nazartar yanaye-yanayen kasuwancin Hausawa a duniyar intanet. Kai tsaye wannan takarda ta mayar da hankali kan (i) nazartar nau’uka da fasalce-fasalcen kasuwancin Hausawa a duniyar intanet, (ii) ƙalubale da alfanun da ke tattare da kasuwancin, da kuma (iii) matakan fuskantar ƙalubalen tare da inganta harƙallolin.
1.1 Dabarun gudanar da bincike
Kadadar
wannan bincike ta taƙaita ne ga kasuwanci da ke da alaƙa da
intanet. An sake taƙaita kadadar ga kasuwancin Hausawa. Ba a
iyakance waɗansu kafafe da za a mayar da hankali a kansu ba. Dalili kuwa shi ne,
binciken ya ƙudiri aniyar waiwaitar duk nau’ukan hada-hadar kasuwancin kan intanet da ake damawa da
Hausawa.
An
tattara bayanan majiyar farko (primary source) ta hanyoyi guda biyu. Hanya ta
farko ita ce binciken kai tsaye a kafafen intanet da ake gudanar da hada-hadar
kasuwanci. Hanya ta biyun kuwa ita ce hira da Hausawa da ke gudanar da sana’o’i
masu alaƙa da intanet domin samun bayanai daga tushe. An bi
dabarun tantance bayanan da aka samu daga tattaunawar ta hanyar maimaita
tattaunawa da waɗansu mutane na daban da kuma ta hanyar tabbatar da bayanai daga ƙididdigar
alƙaluma da ke wallafe a kafafen intanet.
Wuraren
da aka tattara bayanai da ke matakin majiya ta biyu (secondary data) sun haɗa da littattafai da mujallu da muƙalu da
kuma bidiyoyi da hotuna da rubuce-rubucen da ke kafafen intanet daban-daban.
Duk waɗannan sun taimaka wajen share hanya da ƙarin
haske tare da yin jagoranci wajen fayyace muhamman batutuwa da suka shafi
binciken.
1.2 Ra’in bincike
An ɗora wannan bincike a kan ra’in Pulatoriyya
(Platonism).[3]
Kamar yadda Gerson, (2005: 253) ya bayyana, wanann ra’i ne da ya ginu kan
fahimta da falsafofin Plato,[4]
duk kuwa da cewa yakan samu sauye-sauye daga lokaci zuwa lokaci. Ra’in na iƙirarin
cewa, duniya tamkar kashi biyu take; duniyar zahiri (bayyananniyar duniya) da
kuma ta baɗini (ɓoyayyiyar duniya). Lamura na gudana a waɗannan duniyoyi sannan suna iya cuɗanya da juna. Haka kuma, al’amuran da
ake gudanarwa a ɗaya daga cikin duniyoyin na iya shafar ɗayar.
A bisa
wannan ra’in, takardar na da hasashen cewa, akwai nau’ukan kasuwancin da ake
gudanarwa a duniyar intanet ta sigogi makamantan yadda ake gudanar da su a
duniyar zahiri. Haka kuma, kasuwancin da aka fara a duniyar zahiri na iya
komawa duniyar baɗini (intanet). Ana kuma iya ɗauko kasuwanci daga duniyar baɗini a dawo da shi duniyar zahiri.
Ra’in
Pulatoriyya ya yi jagoranci a binciken ta fuskar fito da nau’in alaƙa da ke
tsakanin kasuwancin duniyar zahiri da duniyar intanet. Ya kuma nuna wuraren da ɓangarorin biyu ke cin gashin kansu da
kuma wuraren da suke cuɗanya da juna cikin salon shigar giza-gizai. Bugu da ƙari,
ra’in ya taimaka wajen ƙwanƙwancewa
da ƙalailaice bayanan da binciken ya tattara.
2.1 Taliyon kalmar “kasuwanci” a kadadar
al’adun Hausawa
“Kasuwanci”
da “sana’a” kalmomi ne masu tafiya kafaɗa da kafaɗa.
Duk da alaƙar da ke tsakanin kalmomin biyu, akwai
marubuta da suka yi ƙoƙarin ba da ma’anar sana’a da ta kasuwanci a
keɓance. Rumbun Ilimi (n.d.) ya bayyana cewa Hausawa na sana’a tun wajajen
shekarar 1349, inda kuma ya ce sana’a: “kalma ce da aka aro ta daga Larabci,
kuma take ɗaukar ma’ana ta samar da wani abin amfani ta hanyar hikima a Hausance.” Ya ɗauki kasuwanci abu mai cin gashin kansa
a matsayin hanyar saye da sayarwa. Wannan ra’ayi ya yi daidai da na Buhari,
(2021: 1)1 inda yake cewa:
Kasuwanci dai yana nufin saye da
sayarwa na wani abu ko kuma haja wanda abun nan yana iya kasancewa wanda ake
gani ne kuma wanda ba a gani[5]
ne kamar mutum ya yi wani aiki a biya shi to duka suna ɗaukar
ma’anar kasuwanci. Buhari, (2021: 1)1
A
fahimtar wannan takarda, tattauna kasuwanci a kadadar al’adun Hausawa ba
zai kammala ba har sai an haɗa shi da sana’o’in
Hausawa. Hasali ma a bagire da dama suna iya wakiltar juna. Muhammad, (2020: 224) ya bayyana ma’anar sana’a a matsayin “hanyoyin da ake
gudanar da saye da sayarwa." Kai tsaye za a iya cewa wannan ma’ana tana
bayani ne a kan kasuwanci. Ta yiwu cuɗeɗeniyar
da ke tsakanin sana’a da kasuwanci ne ya ja hankalin Muhammad
wajen ba da wannan ma’ana.
Ko Rumbun Ilimi, (2020: 1) da Buhari, (2021: 1)1
da Buhari, (2021: 1)2 da suka rarrabe tsakanin kasuwanci da sana’a,
akwai wuraren da bayanansu ke nuna ba a iya rabe su. Misali, Buhari ya kawo
“noma” da “kiwo” da “ɗinki” a cikin misalan kasuwanci. Ya yi
hakan ne a ƙoƙarin nuna yadda Hausawa ke samun kuɗi
da su.
Idan har sai an ƙalailaice
bambancin da ke tsakanin sana’a da kasuwanci, to
ana iya cewa sana’a ita ce hanyar amfani da fasaha da
hikima da kuma kayan aiki domin sarrafa wani abin amfani da za a iya sayarwa ko
a musanya da wani abu mai daraja. Kasuwanci kuwa fasaha ce ta saye da sayarwa
ko musanyen abubuwa masu daraja domin samun riba. Ko ba komai, za a tarar da
cewa duk sana’ar da za a gudanar (kamar ƙira,
saƙa, wanzanci da
sauransu) to sai kasuwanci ya shiga ciki (ciniki, talla, da sauransu). Haka
kuma duk kasuwancin da za a gudanar, to ana yi ne ta amfani da kayayyakin da an
same su ne sakamakon sana’o’i.
2.2 Kasuwancin Hausawa a duniyar
zamani
Cuɗanyar
Hausawa da baƙin al’ummu
musamman Larabawa da Turawa da kuma sauyawan zamani sun samar da sauye-sauye da
dama a fannin kasuwancin Hausawa.[6]
Haka kuma, a har kullum Hausawa na ƙara
samun wayewa ta fuskar kasuwanci tare da faɗaɗawa
da bunƙasa sana’o’insu.
Bunƙasar kasuwancin
Hausawa na kasancewa cikin manyan sigogi guda biyu kamar haka:
1.
Bunƙasar kasuwanci: Bunƙasar
kasuwanci na faruwa ne yayin da ribar da ɗan kasuwa ke samu
a cikin wani ayyanannen lokaci (misali wata guda) ta ƙaru. Wannan na iya kasancewa sakamakon ɗaya
daga cikin abubuwan da aka zayyano a ƙasa:
a.
Faɗaɗar
kasuwanci
b.
Ɗaukakuwar
darajar kasuwanci
c.
Raguwar
kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa
kan sana’a[7]
2.
Faɗaɗar kasuwanci: Kasuwanci na samun faɗaɗa
ne yayin da kayayyakin da yake samarwa ke isa hannun adadin mutane sama da
yadda abin yake a baya. Wannan ma na iya kasancewa ta fuskokin da suka haɗa
da:
a.
Faɗaɗar
kasuwanci na cikin gida[8]
b.
Faɗaɗar
kasuwanci na waje[9]
Dukkannin matakan biyu (bunƙasa da faɗaɗar
kasuwanci) na samuwa sakamakon tasirin zamani. Dalilan samuwarsu sun haɗa
da (i) sauƙaƙar hanyoyin sufuri da (ii) bunƙasar hanyoyin sadarwa da (iii) sababbin matakan sarrafawa
da makamantansu.
Ana iya kallon tasirin zamani kan kasuwancin Hausawa ta
fuskoki daban-daban kamar haka:
i.
Ƙare-Ƙare
ii.
Ƙirƙire-Ƙirƙire
iii.
Hulɗayya
Kamar yadda masu iya magana ke cewa “ruwa ba ya tsami
banza,” akwai dalilai daban-daban da ke samar da waɗannan
sauye-sauye a sha’anin kasuwancin Hausawa. Idan aka ce “tasirin zamani,” dunƙulallen zance ne da ke tattare da abubuwa mabambanta.
Yayin da aka fasa cikinsa, za a tarar da ɗaiɗaikun
sabubban da suka haɗa da:
a.
Ɗaukar hannu: Wannan
ya shafi kwaikwayo daga fasahohin waɗansu al’ummu na
daban. Misali, a yau maƙeran
Hausawa na samar da kayayyaki daban-daban ta hanyar ɗaukar
hannu daga ƙere-ƙeren ƙasashen
ƙetare. Haka ma
kafintoci Hausawa ke ƙera
abubuwa ta hanyar ɗaukar hannu. Babban misali shi ne bodin
babbar mota (roka) da ake amfani da kataki da ƙarafa wajen ƙerawa.
b.
Yanayi/Tilasci: Sauyin yanayi da ya shafi rayuwa ko
muhalli na kai ga an samar da sababbin kasuwanci tare da sauye-sauye a waɗanda
ake da su. Kasuwancin sayar da datar intanet da ta POS da Hausawa suka runguma
a yau, duk misalai ne na sababbin nau’ukan kasuwanci da suka samu a sakamakon
tasirin yanayi. Haka kuma awara/wara/ƙwai-da-ƙwai da ke ƙara
mamaye ƙasar Hausa na da
alaƙa da yanayin yunwa
da talauci da Hausawa ke ciki. A lokacin annobar korona kuwa (2019-2022),
Hausawa da dama sun tara kuɗi ta hanyar kasuwancin takunkumin fuska
(face mask).
c.
Yayi: Akan samu lokutan da yayi ne kawai ke sauyawa. Sannu a
hankali sai a saki wani abu da aka yi riƙo
da shi a koma wani daban. Irin wannan sauyi na kasance cikin yanayin da abu ne
mai wuya a iya bayanin mene ne haƙiƙanin dalilin da ya sa aka saki al’adar
baya. Sau da dama sai dai a ce “wayewa.”[10]
3.0 Kasuwancin Hausawa a duniyar
intanet
A
wannan bagire, kasuwanci na nufin duk wani abin da za a yi domin samun kuɗi
ko wani abu mai darajar da zai iya wakiltar kuɗi
ko wanda za a iya musanya shi da kuɗi. Wannan ya
kasance saɓanin duk waɗansu
ra’ayoyi da ke ɗaukar “sana’a” da “kasuwanci” a matayin
nau’ukan harƙalloli guda biyu
masu cin gashin kansu. Takardar ta tsaya kan wannan ra’ayi ne kasancewar harƙallolin biyu na da alaƙa da juna ta yadda ba za su iya cin gashin kansu ko ware
kansu daga juna ba musamman a bagiren duniyar intanet.
Sani, Buba da Mohammad (2019 p. 48) sun rawaito Poon da Swatman na cewa: “Amfani da intanet a
tsakanin masu ƙananan sana'o'i ya
zama wani fitaccen lamari (batu) ga manazarta a fannin ilimin kimiyyar intanet
da na kasuwanci.” Duniyar intanet shakundum ce ta fuskar
tattara kasuwanci daban-daban. Mafi yawan motsi/lamura da ke kan intanet
kasuwanci ne. Kusan komai da ke kan intanet na da darajar da za a iya sarrafa
shi domin samun kuɗi – wato dai za a iya gudanar da
kasuwanci da shi. A intanet akan samu har tsofaffin sana’o’in Hausawa da aka
fara mantawa da su. Sannan akan iya yin kasuwanci da waɗannan
tsofaffin sana’o’i ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kamar sayar da bayanan, sayar da
hotuna da bidiyoyin, ko ɗora tallace-tallace a kafafen da suke.
Wannan ɓangare na takardar
zai tattauna lamarin kasuwancin Hausawa a duniyar intanet ƙarƙashin
muhimman kanu guda uku, wato nau’o’in kasuwancin da nasarorinsu da kuma ƙalubalen
da suke fuskanta.
3.1 Nau’o’in kasuwancin Hausawa a
duniyar intanet
Tuni Hausawa da dama suka tsunduma cikin hada-hadar
kasuwanci da suka shafi duniyar intanet. Nau’ukan kasuwancin kan intanet da ake
samun Hausawa ciki na da matuƙar
yawa. Duk da haka, ana iya bayanin su cikin manyan rukunoni guda biyar kamar
haka:
1.
Firilancin na Kan Intanet (Online Freelancing)
2.
Baje Haja/Koli
3.
Dillanci
4.
Kasuwancin Kuɗin Intanet
5.
Talla (Advertisement)
3.1.1 Firilancin na kan intanet (Online
freelancing)[11]
Aikin wucin
gadi na kan intanet ya shafi duk wani nau’in aiki da ke buƙatar
wata ƙwarewa ta musamman domin gundanar da ita. Manyan hajojin
da masu ire-iren waɗannan kasuwanci ke kasawa su ne basirarsu da ƙwarewarsu.[12]
A wannan fannin, ɓoyayyiyar gaskiya ba ta taƙaita ga kasa hajar baɗini ba. A maimakon haka, farfajiyar
kasuwancin ma ta baɗini ce, wato duniyar intanet. Ɗaya daga cikin alfanun irin wannan aiki
shi ne kamar yadda Downey, (2022 p. 1) ke cewa:
A freelancer is not an employee of a firm and may therefore be at liberty
to complete different jobs concurrently by various individuals or firms...
Fassara:
Firilanca
ba ma’aikaci ne da wata ma’aikata ta ɗauka aikin
dindindin ba, don haka yana da damar gudanarwa da kammala ayyuka daban-daban a
lokaci guda, waɗanda yake karɓa daga mutane ko ma’aikatu daban-daban...
Daga
cikin ire-iren sana’o’in akwai:
1. Firilancin da suka shafi
kimiyyar harshe (language and linguistic services)
Ma’aikatan
firilancin ƙarƙashin kimiyyar harshe na gudanar da
ayyuka da suka haɗa da:
a.
Bin ƙwaƙƙwafin
ma’ana (linguistic evaluation)
b.
Fassara (translation)
c.
Fassara da ƙirƙira (transcreation)
d.
Karatun bita (proofreading)
e.
Ƙirƙirar rubutu (content writing)
f.
Subtitling (fassarar kan sikirin)
g.
Tafintanci (interpretation)
h.
Tsara rubutu (typesetting)
i.
Maye sauti (voice over)
2. Firilansin da suka shafi
intanet da na’urori
Ma’aikatan
firilancin ƙarƙashin intanet da na’urori na gudanar da ayyuka da suka haɗa da:
a.
Ba da tsaro ga kafafen intanet da
na’urori (cyber security)
b.
Gina kafafen intanet (website design)
c.
Gina manhajoji (software programming)
d.
Gwada inganci da amincin manhajoji da kafafen
intanet (beta testing)
e.
Gwada kutse (penetration testing)
3. Firilancin da suka shafi
gyaran hotuna da bidiyoyi
Ma’aikatan
firilancin ƙarƙashin gyara hotuna da bidiyoyi na
gudanar da ayyuka da suka haɗa da:
a.
Gyara hotuna da bidiyoyi (photo and video
editing)
b.
Tsara hotuna da zane-zane (graphic design
and illustration)
4. Firilancin da suka shafi
bincike
Masu
firilancin da ke ƙarƙashin rukunin bincike na gudanar da
ayyuka da suka haɗa da:
a.
Ƙalailaice bayanai (data analysis)
b.
Neman bayanai (data sourcing)
Ko
bayan waɗannan akwai waɗansu masu tarin yawa da suka haɗa da: Jami’in talla (Marketing agent) da watsa labarai (media)
da aiki a matsayin ƙwararren jami’i mai ba da shawarwari da suka shafi kuɗaɗe (finance expert) ko shawarwari da suka shafi doka
(legal expert) ko mai jigila (gig work) da dai makamantansu. Da yawa daga cikin
waɗannan nau’ukan sana’o’i akan same su a duniyar zahiri. Sai dai na duniyar
zahirin sun yi ƙaranci sosai idan aka kwatanta da yadda
hada-hadar kasuwancin take a duniyar intanet. Akwai dalilan da suka sa aka fi
samun su a duniyar intanet kamar haka:
A.
Domin taƙaita
kashe kuɗi ga kamfanoni[13]
B.
Domin nisan ƙwararru
a fannonin da ake buƙata[14]
Duk waɗannan nau’ukan firilancin ɗin kan intanet da aka zayyano a sama, a
yau akwai Hausawa da suka rungume su.[15]
Ƙin ƙarawa ma, har an samu ma’aikatu da kamfanonin Hausawa waɗanda ke gudanar da ire-iren ayyukan nan
na firilancin. Daga cikinsu akwai Amsoshi Language Serices (https://www.amsoshilanguageservices.com)[16]
da Shawsec (https://shawsec.com)[17]
da 3logy (https://3logy.com.ng)[18].
Duk
wanda aka ɗauka daga cikin nau’ukan kasuwanci da ke sama na samar da kuɗin shiga sosai (duk da ya dogara ga alƙaluma
daban-daban kamar su lokaci da yanayi da ƙwarewa da sauransu).[19]
Nicol, (2022 p. 1) ta kawo cewa, kuɗin hada-hadar kasuwar duniyar fassara kaɗai ya haura dalan Amurka miliyan arba’in
($40,000,000). Yana da wuya a fitar da ƙididdigar kason da Hausawa suka ɗauka daga cikin alƙaluman.
3.1.2 Baje haja/koli
A
kullum Hausawa na ƙara rungumar intanet a matsayin kasuwar
baje hajojin da suke sayarwa. Wannan na daga misalan harƙallolin
da ake gudanarwa a duniyoyi guda biyu (na zahiri da na baɗini). Tun a shekarar 2021, Oyekanmi,
(2021 p. 1) ya bayyana cewa rahoton National Bureau of Statistics
(Hukumar Ƙididdiga ta Ƙasa) ta nuna cewa kashi 22% na masu ƙananan
kasuwanci ne ke amfani da intanet wajen gudanar da kasuwancinsu.
Hausawa
masu ƙanana da manyan kasuwanci da dama na amfani da kafafen
intanet daban-daban domin tallata kasuwancinsu. Waɗansu na amfani da kafafen sada zumunta (WhatsApp,
Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, da sauransu),[20]
waɗansu kuwa na buɗe kafafensu na kansu ko su haɗa guiwa da waɗansu masu kafafen intanet domin sama musu gurabu. A duba
misalai a hotunan da ke ƙasa:
Hoto na 1: Tallan hajoji a kan sitatus ɗin WhatssApp
Tushe: An ɗauko su daga sitatus ɗin waɗansu Hausawa a WhatssApp.
Hoto na
1 da ke sama na ɗauke da haɗakar hotuna 4 da aka ɗauko daga sitatus ɗin WhatsApp na mutane daban-daban. 3 na farko mata ne da ke sayar da kayan
kwalliya (hoto na 1), takalma da jakukkuna (hoto na 2), da kuma turamen zannuwa
(hoto na 3). Hoto na ƙarshen kuma an ɗauko daga sitatus ɗin namiji da ke sayar da shaddodi da
yaduna. Duk waɗannan kasuwanci ne ƙanana.
Hoto na 2: Shafin sayar da littattafan Hausa da ke kan kafar intanet ta WikiHausa.
Madogara: Daga https://wikihausa.com.ng/product-category/hausa-novels/.
Saɓanin hoto na 1, hoto na 2 misali ne na
kafar intanet ta Hausawa da ke ba da dama ga waɗansu
‘yan kasuwa daban su baje hajojinsu. Yayin da aka yi ciniki, masu kafar za su ɗauki
wani kaso daga ribar a matsayin ladan aikinsu.
Hoto na 3: Kasuwancin katin waya da data da katin lantarki (da
sauransu) a kan intanet
Madogara: Kafar intanet ta Malam Ahmad Ali Galadima (https://sahabdata.com.ng)
Hoto na 3 da ke sama an ɗauko
shi ne daga kafar kasuwancin kan intanet ta Sahab Data. Wannan nau'in
kasuwanci ne na kan intanet mallakin Bahaushe. Malam Ahmad Ali Galadima
haifaffen jahar Kano ne wanda yanzu ke gudanar da kasuwancinsa a jahar Bauchi.
A da dole sai mutum ya je ofishi ko shago ko ya kira waya kafin a saka masa
katin waya ko datar burawuzin ko katin talabijin ko na wutar lantarki da
sauransu. Da fikira irin ta Malam Ahmad, yanzu mutum zai iya hawa kafar intanet
ɗin kasuwancin masu irin wannan kasuwanci
ya sayi duk abin da yake buƙatar
saya da kansa ba tare da sai ya yi magana da wani ba.
3.1.3 Dillanci
Manyan kamfanonin
kasuwancin duniya da dama na da tsarin dillancin kan intanet. Wannan binciken
ya gano cewa Hausawa masu yawa na cin gajiyar wannan tsari. Yana da sigogi
daban-daban sannan ana iya samun bambancin sunaye da kamfanoni mabambanta suka
yi masa. Duk da haka, a gama-gari an fi kiransa affiliate marketing, wanda
a fassarar kai tsaye zai kasance “kasuwancin ɗosane,” amma a haƙiƙanin yadda lamuran ke gudana, “dillanci” ne kai tsaye.
Kamfanoni
da suka haɗa da masu sayar da littattafai, na’urori, ababen hawa, tufafi, abinci,
mayuka, da sauransu, duk suna ba da damar dillanci. Dillali zai tallata kayan
kamfani. Idan aka saya ta dalilin tallar da ya yi, to yana da kaso cikin ribar,
wato dai la’ada (royalty). Akwai manyan nau’ukan dillancin kan intanet guda uku
kamar haka:
i. Buɗe reshen kasuwanci
ii. Ɗora liƙau da
samfuran hajoji a kan kafar intanet ɗin dillali
iii. Yaɗa liƙau da
samfuran hajoji a kafafen sada zumunta
Hoto na 4: Dillanci ta hanyar ɗora liƙau a kan kafar intanet
Madogara: An ɗauko daga kafar Amsoshi (www.amsoshi.com).
A hoto
na 4 da ke sama, za a ga misalin yadda aka ɗora liƙau da
ke ɓoye cikin hoto a kan kafar intanet da ta kasance ta Hausawa. Yayin da masu
ziyarar wannan kafa suka bi liƙau ɗin zuwa kafar masu kamfanin har suka yi
hulɗayyar kasuwanci, to masu wannan kafa za su samu kamasho.
Hoto na 5: Dillanci a kan kafar Paxful.
Madogara: An ɗauko daga https://paxful.com/ha/buy-bitcoin-kiosk.
Paxful
babbar kafa ce ta hada-hadar kasuwancin kuɗin intanet. Ita ma na da tsarin
dillanci. A hoto na 5 da ke sama, an ga yadda Paxful ke ba da damar a buɗe abin da ta kira “shago” a kan kafarta.
Wato zai zama tamkar wani ƙaramin shago da mai shi zai riƙa samun
kayayyakin da zai riƙa dillanci daga asalin babban kantin
Paxful.[21]
Dangane
da tura liƙau ta kafafen sada zumunta kuwa, Hausawa da yawa sun samu
kuɗaɗe daga dillancin PalmPay da Kuda da Manhajar Abeg da Chipper
Cash da makamantansu.[22]
3.1.4 Kasuwancin kuɗin intanet
Kuɗin
intanet (crypto currency) nau’i ne na kuɗin baɗini
da ke wanzuwa a duniyar intanet. Buhari,3 (2021 p. 1) ya bayyana shi
a matsayin “kuɗi da ake amfani da su a cikin kwamfuta
wanda za a iya saye da saidawa da su a cikin hanya mai sauƙi.” Wani abin burgewa shi ne, ana iya sayen kuɗin
intanet ta amfani da kuɗin zahiri, ana kuma iya sayen su ta
amfani da wani nau’in kuɗin intanet na daban. Ƙididigar
Tripple A (2023 p. 1) ya nuna cewa, ya zuwa 2022, kashi 10.34% na ‘yan Nijeriya
sun mallaki kuɗin intanet.
Batey, (n.d.) ta tabbatar da cewa, kuɗin
intanet na farko shi ne Bitcoin wanda aka samar tun a shekarar 2008 sannan aka
fara amfani da shi a shekarar 2009.[23]
Ya zuwa yau akwai nau’ukan kuɗaɗen
intanet daban-daban waɗanda kuma kullum ke ƙara yawa saboda sababbi da ake samarwa. Pi na ɗaya
daga cikin waɗanda suka fi ƙaurin suna tsakanin Hausawa, inda har aka samu waƙoƙi[24]
da maganganun malamai da masana daban-daban game da shi. Bayan haka, har fim sukutum
aka yi game da Pi, mai suna ‘Yan Pi Network.
Akwai manyan nau’uka ko hanyoyin kasuwancin kuɗin
intanet guda biyu da wannan bincike ya ci karo da Hausawa da dama na gudanarwa.
Na farkonsu shi ne trading wanda a nan aka fassara shi a matsayin cinikayya.
Na biyun kuwa shi ne holding, wanda aka fassara shi da riƙewa.
Cinikayya shi
ne tsarin da ake saye da sayar da kuɗin intanet nan
take domin samun ƙaramar
riba. Wannan na buƙatar
lissafi da kyakkyawan hasashe. M.M. Manga, (keɓantacciyar
tattaunawa, 7 ga watan Fabarairu 2023) ya bayyana yadda ake wannan cinikayya.
Mutum zai sayi wani nau’in kuɗin intanet bayan
yin lissafin cewa darajarsa za ta ƙaru
bayan ‘yan kwanaki kaɗan,
domin ya sayar ya samu riba. Haka kuma, mutum na iya saya a wurin ɗan
kasuwa mai sauƙin farashi, sannan
ya sayar wa ɗan kasuwa mai farashin da ya fi inda ya
saya domin samun riba.
Riƙewa shi ne tsarin
da mutum zai sayi kuɗin intanet sannan ya ajiye shi na
tsawon lokaci. Ana yin haka ne domin bin babbar riba. Akan saya a lokacin da
ake kira red market (jar kasuwa – wato lokacin da darajar kuɗaɗen
intanet ta faɗi) sannan a sayar a lokacin da ake kira
green market (koriyar kasuwa – wato lokacin da darajar kuɗaɗen
intanet ta tashi).
Daga cikin manyan kafofin hada-hadar kuɗaɗen
intanet akwai:
Binance - https://www.binance.com/
Gate - https://www.gate.io/
Crypto - https://crypto.com/
OKX - https://www.okx.com/
KUCOIN - https://www.kucoin.com/
Paxful - https://www.paxful.com
An samu Hausawa da dama da ke bayani game da lamuran da
suka shafi kasuwancin kuɗin intanet. Yawanci sukan yi ne a
tashoshin kan intanet masu zaman kansu. Daga cikinsu akwai Mujahid Muhammad
Manga da ke da kafar TikTok mai suna Abumaher. Shi kuwa Sunusi Danjuma
Ali tasha yake da ita a kan YouTube mai suna SunusiCryptoTV.
3.1.5 Talla (Advertisement)
A
wannan bagiren talla na nufin tallata haja ko ra’ayi ko aƙidar
wani ko waɗansu domin samun kuɗi. Kusan wannan nau’in talla ba a samun sa a duniyar zahiri – duk da akan
samu makamantansa da ake gudanarwa a gidajen talabijin da na rediyo da kuma cikin
finafinai. A yau Hausawa da dama sun yi nisa a wannan harkar kasuwanci. Ana
gudanar da tallar kan intanet ta fuskoki daban-daban da suka haɗa da:
A. Talla a kan kafafen intanet
(Websites and blogs)
Wanda
ke da kafar intanet da ta gawurta, yana da damar ɗora tallace-tallace a kai. Tallar na iya
kasancewa ta fuskoki guda biyu, ko dai Adsense[25]
ko kuma keɓantattun tallace-tallace.[26]
Hoto na 6: Talla a kafar intanet
Madogara: An ɗauko daga https://www.isyaku.com/search/label/FADAKARWA
A hoto
na 6 da ke sama, za a ga yadda aka ɗora talla a kafar Isyaku. Mamallakin wannan kafa Bahaushe
ne ɗan jahar Kebbi, mai suna Isyaku Garba.
B. Talla a shafuka da zaurukan
kafafen intanet
Waɗanda ke da zauruka da shafuka a kafafen
intanet na da damar ɗora tallace-tallace idan sun cika ƙa’idojin da ake buƙata. Waɗannan ƙa’idoji sun danganta da kafar da
kuma mutum ko mutane ko kamfanonin da za su ba da tallar. Sannan ƙa’idojin na sauyawa lokaci zuwa
lokaci.
Hausawa
da dama na samun kuɗi a YouTube da Facebook da Instagram da TikTok a dalilin irin wannan nau’in
tallar. Mawaƙan Hausa na zamani da ‘yan barkwanci Hausawa da dama ta
wannan hanyar suka fi samun kuɗi. Tuni masu tsara finafinan Hausa ma suka rungumi wannan
nau’in kasuwanci inda suke sakin finafinansu a kan YouTube tare da ɗora tallace-tallace domin samun kuɗin shiga. Fitattun finafinan Hausa masu
dogon zango da ake sakewa a kan YouTube sun haɗa da Labarina da Izzar So da
Amaryar TikTok da Asin da Asin da makamantansu.
Daga
cikin ‘yan barkwancin Hausa kuwa da suka shahara da kafafen YouTube da TikTok
(waɗanda ke ɗora tallace-tallace kan tashoshi ko shafukansu) akwai Abubakar Sadauki da
aka fi sani da Aibs_Fulani. Akwai kuma Mu'azu Muhammad da aka fi sani da
Bushkido. Sannan akwai Ali Muhammad Idris da aka fi sani da Maɗagwal, I.A.
Adam (keɓantacciyar tattaunawa, 11 ga watan Maris, 2023).
C. Talla ta hanyar raba liƙau
Wannan
nau’in kasuwancin kan intanet ya shafi tura saƙonnin
talla na wani kamfani a kafafen sada zumunta ta sigar liƙau.[27]
Mai wannan kasuwancin na ɗaukar liƙau da za a riƙa ba shi a kowace rana (ko wani lokacin
da aka ƙayyade) sannan ya raba a kafafen sada zumunta irin su
Facebook, TikTok, WhatsApp, da sauransu.
Hausawa
da dama sun samu riba mai yawa daga wannan kasuwanci. Duk da haka wannan nau’in
kasuwanci tamkar caca yake. Dalili kuwa shi ne, sau da dama ire-iren waɗannan nau’ukan kasuwanci na yin ɓatar dabo na farat ɗaya. A haka ake rufewa da kuɗaɗen waɗanda suka yi aiki ba a biya su ba, da kuma kuɗaɗen waɗanda suka sanya hannayen jari.[28]
Daga cikin ire-irensu da aka ci kasuwarsu kuma suka watse akwai:
a.
Uwork
b.
Insme
c.
MyBonus
3.2 Abubuwan da mai kasuwanci a
kan intanet ke buƙata
Daga
cikin nau’ukan ayyukan kan intanet da aka tattauna a ƙarƙashin
3.1.1 zuwa 3.1.5, akwai waɗanda suka kasance gama-gari tsakanin mutanen duniya. Waɗansu daga cikinsu kuwa, ana sa ran su
kasance keɓantattu ga Hausawa. Misali, duk aikin firilancin da ya shafi harshe ko
al’ada, kai tsaye an fi son ɗan gado ba ɗan haye ba. Ma’ana dai, an fi son wanda Hausa ke matsayin
harshen uwa gare shi. Ana hakan ne don gudun abin da Bunza, (2015) ya kira “Grammatical
Rift” (p. 5) da “Cultural Lacuna” (p. 11) wato “Giɓin
Nahawu” da “Giɓin Al’ada.” Bayan haka, abubuwan da ake
buƙata na iya
bambanta daga kasuwanci zuwa kasuwanci. Duk da haka, akwai waɗanda
suka kasance gama-gari kamar haka:
1.
Na’ura
mai sauri da inganci daidai da nau’in kasuwancin da za a gudanar[29]
2.
Sabis
ɗin intanet mai ƙarfi da rashin yankewa
3.
Wuri
mai sirri da rashin hayaniya[30]
4.
Ƙwarewa
sosai a fannin da aka sa a gaba
5.
Tallar
haja (ƙwarewa) a kan
intanet[31]
6.
Girmama
lokaci
7.
Gaskiya
da riƙon amana
3.3 Allah san barka a kasuwancin Hausawa
a duniyar intanet
Samuwar
damarmakin kasuwanci a kan intanet ya zo da alfanu ta fuskoki daban-daban ga
Hausa. Daga ciki akwai:
1. Hutun jiki: Waɗansu daga cikin nau’ukan kasuwanci na
da sauƙin gudanarwa.
Misali, kasuwancin sayar da data da katin waya da na wutar lantarki da
talabijin duk saita su kawai ake yi a bar su a kan intanet. Ɗan kasuwa ba ya buƙatar
wata wahalar ciniki ko miƙa
kaya. A maimakon haka, kwastomomi su ne za su biya kuɗi
kawai su ɗauki kaya. Yana kwance sai dai ya ji
shigar kuɗi a akawun ɗinsa.[32]
2. Ƙarancin jin rauni sakamakon aiki: Saɓanin ayyukan bayyane da dama da ana iya
samun rauni ta dalilinsu (daga kayan aiki, ko faɗuwa,
ko haɗari a hanyar zuwa wurin aiki da
sauransu), mai aikin kan intanet na da ƙarancin
fargabar samun wani rauni sakamakon aikin.[33]
3. Cikakken ‘Yanci: Koma bayan ayyukan duniyar zahiri, mai aikin firilancin
na da ‘yanci kan lokacinsa. Yana da zaɓi kan ya karɓi
aiki ko kada ya karɓa. Yana da damar tsara lokacinsa yadda
yake so sannan ya karɓi ayyuka lokacin da ba shi da waɗansu
hidimomin rayuwa a gabansa kawai.
4. Jari: Akwai nau’ukan kasuwancin kan intanet da ke buƙatar ƙaramin
jari kawai. Waɗansu kuwa ba sa ma buƙatar jarin. Misali, a firilancin da ya shafi yaɗa
liƙau, ba a buƙatar wani jari. Game da abin da ya shafi fassara kuwa, ɗan
jarin bai wuce na sayen waya ko kwamfuta ba, sai kuma ‘yar datar burawuzin da
za a riƙa sakawa.
Sauran
alfanu na gama-gari sun haɗa da:
a.
Rage
cunkoso a kan tituna
b.
Rage
fitar da sinadaren ababan hawa masu cutar da muhalli
3.4 Ƙalubale a kasuwancin Hausawa a duniyar intanet
Duk da ɗimbin
alfanun da ke tattare da kasuwancin kan intanet, akwai ƙalubale ko naƙasu
da ke tattare da shi. A ƙasa
an kawo waɗansu daga ciki.
1. Rashin
ingantaccen sabis: Har yanzu babu ingantaccen sabis a ƙasar
Hausa. Ko wuraren da ke da sabis mai ƙarfin 4G, a waɗansu lokuta akan samu matsaloli.[34]
Wannan babban naƙasu ne a harkar kasuwancin kan intanet
kasancewar akwai lamuran da ke da ƙayyadden lokacin kammalawa. Sannan akwai
kamfanoni da ke buƙatar rahoton ƙarfin
intanet ɗin mutum kafin fara harƙalla da shi.
2. Matsalar
wutar lantarki: Har ya zuwa lokacin kammala rubuta
wannan takarda (Maris 2023) babu ingantacciyar wutar lantarki a ƙasar
Hausa. Hakan kuwa ƙalubale ne ga nau’ukan kasuwancin kan intanet.
3. Talauci
da ƙarancin tallafi: Da dama daga cikin nau’ukan kasuwancin kan intanet na buƙatar
jari. Wannan ya shafi sayen kayan aiki da datar intanet da waɗansu manhajoji da dai makamantansu
(wanda ya danganta ga nau’in sana’ar). Hausawa na fuskantar ƙalubale
a wannan ɓangare sakamakon talauci da ƙaranci ko rashin tallafi.
4. Rashin
koyar da zamanantattun darrusa: Zamani ya fara tsere wa tsarin
karatun Nijeriya a matakin ƙasa bai ɗaya,
da kuma ƙasar Hausa a keɓance. Misali, wanda ya karanci harshe na
da babban gurbi sosai a kasuwancin intanet, domin zai iya shiga a dama da shi a
dukkannin nau’ukan kasuwanci da aka tattauna a ƙarƙashin
3.1.1 zuwa 3.1.5 da ke sama. Duk da haka, waɗanda suka karanci Hausa da dama na kasancewa
ba tare da aikin yi ba saboda rashin gogewa ta fuskar ire-iren waɗannan nau’ukan kasuwanci.
5. Illata
muhalli da yanayi: Daga cikin harkoki da hada-hadar
kasuwancin intanet akwai waɗanda ke cutar da muhalli. Misali, haƙon kuɗaɗen intanet irin su
Bitcoin na illata muhalli matuƙa.
Rahoton Osborne, (2022 p. 1) ya nuna cewa, illar da haƙon
Bitcoin ke yi wa muhalli na iya kai wanda man fetur ke yi ta fuskar fitar da
sinadarin kabon.
6.
Cutar da lafiya: Duk da babu wani bincike da ya tabbatar
da cewa yawan kallon sikirin na haifar da dauwamammen ciwon ido, masanan ido
irin su Dakta Colman Kraff sun tabbatar da cewa zai iya haifar da matsalolin da
suka haɗa da kallo dishi-dishi da ciwon kai har
ma da ciwon wuya idan abin ya yi tsanani.[35]
Abiola, (2021 p. 1) ya tabbatar da cewa radiyeshin da ke
fita daga jikin kwamfuta na haifar da illoli da dama, ciki har da hana haihuwa
ga maza.
4.0 Sakamakon bincike
Lamarin
kasuwanci ya yi daidai da ikirarin ra’in Pulatoriyya, domin kuwa akwai
kasuwancin da ke gudana a duniyar zahiri, akwa kuma waɗanda
ke gudana a duniyar intanet. Duniyar zahiri na kan tarewa zuwa nau’in
kasuwancin duniyar intanet. Hausawa ma da dama sun bi sahun wannan cigaba.
Kasuwancin kan intanet
ya rabu zuwa nau’uka daban-daban kamar yadda aka tattauna a ƙarƙashin
sashe na 3.1 da ke sama. Binciken ya gano cewa ana damawa da Hausawa cikin
dukkannin waɗannan kasuwanci. Waɗanda
suka karanci harshen Hausa sun fi samun rawar takawa a abin da ya shafi
firilancin da ke da alaƙa
da harshe (ciki har da fassara da tafintanci da sauransu da aka kawo ƙarƙashin 3.1.1).
Waɗannan kasuwancin kan intanet na da ɗimbin
alfanu ga al’ummar Hausa tun daga kan samar da aikin yi har zuwa nisantar haɗurra,
da dai sauransu da aka zayyano a ƙarƙashin 3.3 da ke sama. A ɓangare
guda kuwa, duk da ɗimbin alfanun da kasuwancin kan intanet
ya zo wa Hausawa da shi, yana tattare da ƙalubale
kamar yadda aka gani ga ƙarƙashin 3.4 da ke sama.
Dangane da waɗannan ƙalubale, Hausawa ‘yan kasuwan kan
intanet na iya riƙo
da dabarar amfani da hanyoyin samun sabis ɗin
intanet sama da guda. Wannan zai ba su damar kauce wa shiga halin ƙaƙanikayi
sakamakon gushewar ƙarfin
sabis ko sabis ɗin kacokan a lokacin aiki. Sannan kada
su bari a bar su a baya wajen rungumar sababbin sabis ɗin
intanet na zamani masu ƙarfi,
musamman yanzu da ake sauraron ƙarasowar
sabis ɗin 5G da na Starlink.
Game da wutar lantarki kuwa, ya kamata gwamnati ta ninka ƙoƙarinta
na tabbatar da samuwar ingancin wutar lantarki musamman domin samun cigaba mai ɗorewa.
Yayin da gwamnati ke ƙoƙarin wannan, ‘yan kasuwan kan
intanet na iya amfani da dabarun da suka haɗa
da wutar sola da rumbun cajin kwamfuta (computer power bank) da sauran hanyoyin
da ba sa illata muhalli da yanayi.
Ya kamata a mayar da hankali wajen koyar da abubuwan da
suka shafi kasuwancin kan intanet musamman a matakin manyan makarantu. Hakan
zai ba da damar samun ƙarin
aikin yi tare da rage zaman banza. Da taimakon wannan, Hausawa da yawa musamman
waɗanda suka karanci harshen Hausa na iya
samun hanyar dogaro da kai a sauƙaƙe.
Dangane da illolin lamuran kasuwancin intanet a kan
muhalli da yanayi, akwai buƙatar
gwamnatoci da hukumomi da ɗaiɗaikun
mutane su yi huɓɓasa wajen ganin an samu mafita mafi
dacewa. Wannan ya haɗa da fito da dokoki da ƙa’idoji da suka dace daga ɓangaren
gwamnati, bincike da faɗakarwa daga ɓangaren
hukumomi, da kuma bin kyawawan matakai da ke da akwai daga ɓangaren
ɗaiɗaikun
mutane.
4.1 Kammalawa
Nau’ukan
kasuwancin kan intanet na da matuƙar yawa. Da wuya a iya nuna wani abu a
kan intanet da ba za a iya kasuwanci da shi ba. Sannu a hankali ‘yan kasuwan
duniyar zahiri na zamanantar da kasuwancinsu ta hanyar mayar da ita ko wani ɓangare
nata zuwa duniyar intanet. A yanzu haka duk manyan kasuwancin duniya sun yi
gurbi sosai a kan intanet. Da yiwuwar a shekaru masu zuwa duniyar intanet na
iya ƙwace ta zahiri a
fuskar kasuwanci, inda za a samu mafi rinjayen kasuwanci na gudana ne a duniyar
intanet saɓanin ta zahiri.
Manazarta
Abiola, R. (2021). Laptop radiation does not cause
skin cancer but it can contribute to male infertility. https://dubawa.org/laptop-radiation-does-not-cause-skin-cancer-but-it-can-contribute-to-male-infertility/.
Batey, N. (n.d.). A brief history of Bitcoin. https://www.jmco.com/articles/tax/brief-history-bitcoin.
Buhari, I. (2021)1. Samun kuɗi: Kasuwanci guda 10 wanda aka fi saurin samun kuɗi da su. https://www.hausawasite.com.ng/2021/09/samun-kudi-kasuwanci-guda-10-wanda-aka.html.
Buhari, I. (2021)2. Ma’anar sana’a da kuma
amfaninta. https://www.hausawasite.com.ng/2021/11/maanar-sanaa-da-kuma-amfaninta.html.
Buhari, I. (2021)3. Cryptocurrency da
yadda ake samun kudi da shi. https://www.hausawasite.com.ng/2021/10/cryptocurrency-da-yadda-ake-samun-kudi.html.
Bunza, A.M. (2015, October 20 - 21). Grammatical
rift and cultural lacuna: Constraints on English-Hausa and Hausa-English
translation busines. National Conference On Translation, Center for Research in
Nigerian Languages and Folklore, Bayero University, Kano & Nigerian
Institute of Translators and Interpreters (NITI).
Cropley, D.H. (2019). Problem-solving man: A
history of Hunan creativity. Springer.
Downey, L. (2022). What is a freelancer: Examples,
taxes, benefits, and drawbacks. Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/freelancer.asp.
Gerson, L. (2013). “Was Plato a Platonist?” From Plato to
Platonism (pp. 3-33). Cornell University Press. www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt32b4gd.5.
Gerson, P. L. (2005). “What is Platonism?” Journal of the
History of Philosophy, 42, 253-257. www.doi.org/10.1353/hph.2005.0136.
Hukumar Binciken Tarihi Da Al’adu Ta Jihar Katsina
da 'Yan Ƙyaure, S.S.F. (n.d.).
Ilmin falaki da sanin yadda ake tsara jadawalin watannin Musulunci. Hukumar
Binciken Tarihi Da Al’adu Ta Jihar
Katsina.
Kraff, C. (2022). How to protect eyes from mobile
and computer screens. https://kraffeye.com/blog/how-to-protect-eyes-from-mobile-and-computer-screens.
Meinwald, C. C. (2020). Plato (Greek Philosopher).
Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Plato.
Muhammad, M.S. (2020). Bahaushiyar al’ada. Bayero
University Press.
Na, S. (2013). Earth rotation – Basic theory and
features. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54584.
Nguyen, A. (n.d.). 10 Best freelance websites to
hire top talent. Time Doctor. https://www.timedoctor.com/blog/best-freelance-websites.
Nicol, V.
(2022). Translation industry trends and statistics. My Language Connection. https://www.mylanguageconnection.com/translation-industry-trends-and-statistics/.
Osborne, M.
(2022). Bitcoin could rival beef or crude oil in environmental impact. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/bitcoin-could-rival-beef-or-crude-oil-in-environmental-impact-180980877/.
Oyekanmi, S. (2021). Only 22% of Nigerian informal
businesses use internet in their business operations - NBS. Nairametrics. https://nairametrics.com/2021/09/23/only-22-of-nigerian-informal-businesses-use-internet-in-their-daily-business-operations-nbs/.
Rumbun Ilimi. (n.d.). Sana'o'i a ƙasar Hausa. https://www.rumbunilimi.com.ng/HausaSanaa.html#gsc.tab=0.
Sani, A-U. (2022). Zamani zo mu tafi: Al’adun Hausawa a
duniyar intanet. [Kundin digiri na biyu da ba a wallafa ba]. Jami'ar Usmanu
Danfodiyo, Sakkwato, Nijeriya. www.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.24862.61764.
Sani, A-U., Buba, U. & Mohammad, I. (2019). Wanda ya
tuna bara...: Biɗa da tanadi a
tsakanin hausawa matasa a yau. Global Academic Journal of Humanities and Social
Sciences, 1(2), 44-50. www.doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2019.v01i02.001.
Thein, K. (2018). “Soul and incorporeality in Plato.”
Eirene Sudia Graeca Et Latina, LIV, 53–95. Centre for Classical Studies
Institute of Philosophy of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague.
Triple A. (2023). How many crypto owners are in
Nigeria? https://triple-a.io/crypto-ownership-nigeria-2022/.
Kafafen da Aka Duba
https://www.amsoshilanguageservices.com
[1] Ilimin kimiyya da addini da al’ada duk sun
tabbatar da cewa duniya na kan juyawa cikin waɗansu
nau’uka da salailan tafiya da kowanne ke da tasiri ko sakamako da yake samarwa.
Domin ƙarin bayani, ana iya duba Hukumar
Binciken Tarihi Da Al’adu Ta Jihar Katsina da ‘Yar Ƙyaure, (n.d.) ko Na,
(2013).
[2] Babu wata halitta da lokaci ba ya tasiri a
kanta. Nau’ukan tasirin da ake iya samu na iya kasancewa waɗanda
halittun ke da iko a kansu (misali ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire da ƙere-ƙere), ko waɗanda ba su da iko a kansu (misali raguwar girman jikin
‘yan’adam da raguwar yawan shekaru da suke yi a duniya).
[3] Domin ƙarin bayani kan wannan
ra’i ana iya duba Gerson, (2005: 253); Gerson, (2013); Thein, (2018); da Sani,
(2022).
[4] Plato ya kasance ɗaya
daga cikin fitattun masana falsafa da suka rayu ƙarnuka huɗu zuwa biyar kafin zuwan Annabi Isa. Domin samun cikakken
bayani kan tarihinsa da ayyukansa, ana iya duba Meinwald, (2020).
[5] Lallai wannan ma’ana ta kasuwanci da
Buhari (2021) ta ƙara fito da iƙirarin Pulatoriyya ta
cewar gaskiya nau’i biyu
ce, wato wacce ake gani da wacce ba a gani. Ma’anar ta Buhari ta ƙara tabbatar da hakan
kamar yadda ya bayyana daga cikin kasuwanci akwai waɗanda ba a ganin su.
[6] Wannan takarda na da ra’ayin cewa, ko da
Hausawa ba su yi cuɗanya da kowace al’umma ba, za su samu sauye-sauye da
cigaban zamani a harkokin rayuwarsu. A har kullum halin rayuwa na tilasta wa ɗan’adam
amfani da fikira wajen sama wa kansa sauƙi
da mafita daga ƙalubalen da
ke dabaibaiye da matakan rayuwarsa. Saboda haka, yadda kullum yanayin duniya ke
sauyawa tare da ɓullo da sababbin ƙalubale
da ɗan’adam bai taɓa cin karo
da su ba, haka shi ɗan’adam ke ƙara ƙirƙiro
hanyoyin fiskantar matsalolin. Waɗannan su ke haɗuwa su
samar da cigaban zamani. Cropley, (2019) ya kawo cikakken bayani kan wannan
falsafa.
[7] Ana iya samun raguwar kuɗaɗen
da ake kashewa wurin gudanar da sana’a ta hanyoyin da suka haɗa
samun kayayyakin sana’a mafiya sauƙi ko samun
sauƙaƙan
hanyoyin jigilar kayayyakin sana’a zuwa wurin sarrafa su, da dai makamantansu.
[8] Wannan na faruwa yayin da aka samu ƙarin
mutane a muhalli ko maƙwabta ko cikin al’ummar mai sana da suka fara amfani da
kayayyakin da mai sana’ar ke
samarwa.
[9] Wannan na faruwa yayin da waɗansu
al’ummu na nesa suka fara amfani da kayayyakin da mai sana’a ke samarwa.
[10] Babban misalin wannan shi ne yadda matasan
Hausawa suka riƙi babban wando (fantalo) a matsayin kwalliya
(tsukakken wando kuma ya kasance ƙauyanci), har zuwa wajajen shekarar 2008. Daga
baya kuma sai yayi ya sauya inda aka ɗauki fantalo a matsayin ƙauyanci, shi kuwa
tsukakken wando ya koma wayewa. Duk lokacin da irin haka ya faru, masu
kasuwancin wandunan dole su sauya domin samar da abubuwan da mutane za su saya
ba waɗanda
za su yi kwantai ba.
[11] Kasancewar wannan takarda ba ta ci kawo da
wata amintacciyar fassara ta “online freelancing” ba, an baddala ta zuwa
“firilancin na kan intanet.”
[12] Waɗannan
hajoji na daga cikin misalan ɓoyayyun gaskiya da ra’in Pulatoriyya ke magana a kansu.
[13] Idan kamfani na aiki da ma’aikatan
firilancin, to ya huta biyan su albashi kowace wata. A maimakon haka, zai riƙa
biyan su ne kawai yayin da ya ba su aiki.
[14] Misali, kamfanonin fassara da ke nahiyoyin
da ke nesa da ƙasar Hausa, ya fi musu sauƙi su riƙa aiki
da ma’aikatan firilancin don yi musu fassarori ta kan intanet a maimakon zuwa ƙasar
Hausa domin samun mai fassara ko kuma buƙatar mai fassarar ya je can domin samun
su.
[15] An tabbatar da wannan bayani ta hanyar
tattaunawa da waɗansu Hausawa gogaggu a harkar firilancin, da kuma
bincikawa a waɗansu manyan kafafen baje kolin firilancin na intanet da
suka haɗa da Fiverr (https://www.fiverr.com)
da LinkdIn (https://www.linkedin.com)
da ProZ (https://www.proz.com)
da Upwork (https://www.upwork.com).
[16] Sun shahara a fannin firilancin da ya
shafi kimiyyar harshe da bincike (M.U. Arabi, keɓantacciyar
tattaunawa, 5 ga watan Maris, 2023).
[17] Sun shahara a fannin firilancin da ya
shafi tsaron kafafen intanet da na’urori (S. Auwal, keɓantacciyar
tattaunawa, 5 ga watan Maris, 2023).
[18] Sun shahara a fannin koyar da ilimummukan
zamani kamar na’urori, intanet, saƙago da sauransu.
[19] A bisa dalilai na sirrantawa, wannan
bincike ba zai iya kawo misalan ƙididdigar kuɗaɗen da
waɗansu Hausawa masu harkan
firilancin ke samu ba. Amma binciken ya ci karo da Hausawan da suke iya aikin
har sama da miliyan biyar (#5,000,000) a cikin wata guda.
[20] Da wuya mutum ya karaɗe
sitatus ɗinsa na WhatssApp ba tare da cin karo da hajojin da waɗansu
ke tallatawa ba, irin su tufafi, turare, na’urori, da sauransu.
[21] Fassara illahirin shafin zuwa Hausa na ƙara
nuni da yadda Hausawa ke cikin wannan harkar dillanci.
[22] A. Sani (Keɓantacciyar
Tattaunawa, Maris 6, 2023).
[23] Wanda ya samar da Bitcoin ya bayyana
sunansa a matsayin Satoshi Nakamoto. Sai dai har yanzu ba a san mai wannan
sunan ba. Ba a ma san mutum guda ne ko ƙungiya ce ba. Domin samun ƙarin
bayani, a duba, Batey, (n.d.).
[25] Wannan nau’in talla ne inda ake rajista da
kamfanin Google. Kamfanin na Google ne zai riƙa karɓar tallace-tallace sannan ya riƙa ɗora waɗanda suka dace a kafar wanda ya yi
rajistar (ta la’akari da nau’ukan mutanen da ke ziyartar kafar tasa).
[26] Wannan nau’in tallace-tallace ne da ake
karɓa daga ɗaiɗaikun mutane ko kamfanoni ko ƙungiyoyi. Kai tsaye akan yi ciniki da yarjejeniyar yadda
tallar za ta kasance (kamar abin da ya shafi farashi, da shafukan da za a ɗora
su da tsawon lokacin da za su ɗauka kafin a sauƙe
su).
[27] A waɗansu lokuta
yakan kasance bidiyo ko hoto.
[28] An samu waɗannan
bayanai daga tattaunawa da aka yi da Hausawa da suka ci wannan kasuwa. A. Sani
(keɓantacciyar tattaunawa, 11 ga watan Maris, 2023) ya yi
cikakken bayanin yadda harƙallolin ke
gudana.
[29] Abubuwan da ake dubawa a wannan fannin sun
haɗa da saurin na’ura, girman ƙwaƙwalwarta,
faɗin sikirin ɗinta, da nau’inta. Akwai nau’ukan ayyukan da kai tsaye
kamfani na iya ba da bayanin nau’in na’urar da za a yi amfani da ita domin
gudanarwa. Misali, daga shekarar 2020 har zuwa 2023 Hausawa da dama sun yi aiki
da kamfanin Appen. Aikin na buƙatar
tattara bayanai ne ta amfani da wayar salulula. Haka kuma, duk wanda ya gwada
buɗe manhajar XTM a kan waya domin gudanar da fassara, zai
ga jan rubutu na masa gargaɗin cewa dole sai ya yi amfani da kwamfuta.
[30] Mafi yawan ayyukan kan intanet na buƙatar
sirri. Sau da dama akan buƙaci mutum ya cike abin da aka fi sani da NDA
(Non-Disclosure Agreement) wato Yarjejeniyar Riƙe Sirri kafin ƙulla
harƙallar kasuwanci da kamfani a kan intanet.
[31] Akwai fitattun kafafen intent da suka
shahara a wannan fannin. Masu firilancin na zuwa waɗannan
kafafe su baje kolin fikirarsu. Kamfanoni daban-daban a faɗin
duniya na ziyartar waɗannan kafafe domin duba hajar da ta musu. Nguyen (n.d. p.
1) ya zayyano waɗansu daga cikin fitattun kafafen kamar haka: LinkedIn da
freelancer.com da Toptal da Guru da PeoplePerHour da FlexJobs da 99Designs da
Fiverr da Upwork da Freelance Writing Gigs.
[32] Duk da haka akwai abubuwan da ake buƙata
daga gare shi kamar su ƙara kuɗi a lalitoci da duba daidaiton lamura da kuma
sauraren koken kwastomomi.
[33] Duk da haka akan iya samun rauni lokaci
zuwa lokaci musamman idan ba a bi ƙa’idojin aiki ba. Misali, ana iya samun ciwon baya
ko ciwon wuya sakamakon daɗewa
ana zaune ko zama yadda bai kamata ba, da dai sauransu.
[34] Game da wannan, binciken ya kasance ganau
a yankunan Kano da Katsina da Sakkwato da Zamfara da Zariya.
[35] Domin ƙarin bayani, a duba
Kraff, (2022 p. 1).
0 Comments
ENGLISH: You are warmly invited to share your comments or ask questions regarding this post or related topics of interest. Your feedback serves as evidence of your appreciation for our hard work and ongoing efforts to sustain this extensive and informative blog. We value your input and engagement.
HAUSA: Kuna iya rubuto mana tsokaci ko tambayoyi a ƙasa. Tsokacinku game da abubuwan da muke ɗorawa shi zai tabbatar mana cewa mutane suna amfana da wannan ƙoƙari da muke yi na tattaro muku ɗimbin ilimummuka a wannan kafar intanet.