Survey of Hausa Traditional Fish
Fence Usage in Zamfara,
North-West Nigeria
By
Musa Fadama
Gummi Ph.D.
Department of Languages and Cultures,
Federal University Gusau, Nigeria
Email: gfmusa24@gmail.Com
+234 706 563 5983
Abstract
Artisanal fishing is a traditional occupation that
exists among the Hausa people of
Zamfara state, North-West Nigeria. This is made possible
due to the presence of water resources which vary both in form and size. The
region is blessed with six (6) rivers that traverse through it. These rivers
are tributaries that emptied their volume of
water into river Niger. These rivers
become filled up
with water during the rainy season and sometimes overflow their banks so much
so that the floodplain areas of the state become over flooded, including the
lakes that are found around Shikafi, Bakura and Gummi areas. The notable lakes in Zamfara include the Tafkin
Jenna in Zurmi, the Nato in Bakura, the Saru Lake in Gummi and the Kalale Lake in Ɗangulbi of Maru Local Government. These lakes aside, the state is
blessed with other smaller lakes and manmade water reservoirs, notable of which
is the Bakalori dam of Maradun. The availability of these fishing grounds made
it possible for a section of the population to engage in artisanal fishing as a
means of sustenance for their livelihoods. The Zamfara fishermen make use of
numerous techniques to enhance their catch. This paper is an attempt to explore
the techniques of fishing fences, especially their type, construction and
efficacy in enhancing catch. Through surveys and trips to selected fishing
grounds, the paper concludes that traditional fishing fences form part of
greater ways by which the fishermen
enhance catch, especially during the dry season when the lakes’ water level has
drastically reduced in volume due to the elapse of rain coupled with the
effects of dry winds of the Winter (Harmattan) season which sets in around
November through to February of each year.
Key Words:
Fish, Fence, Traditional, fishing, Appraisal
1.0
Introduction
Zamfara
state is situated in the North-West geo-political zone of Nigeria. It is one of
the thirty-six states in the country. It was curved out of the former Sokoto
state in 1996 by the military administration of the then Head of state, late
Major General Sani Abacha. The state is made up of fourteen (14) Local
Government Area Councils with Gusau as the state capital. The state is majorly
situated along the Savannah region but has proximity to the Sahel region,
especially in the Northeastern part where it shares a border with the Republic
of Niger. The State receives a moderate amount of rainfall with intermittent
drought which sometimes leads to low-level rainfall distribution which often
affects its drainage system that in turn results in the drying up of both the
manmade and natural lakes with which the state is endowed.
The
state’s drainage consists of several rivers and streams. The River Bunsuru is
found around the Zurmi area of the state. River Gagare flows around the Kauran
Nomoda-Shinkafi axis. There is also the Sokoto River which flows in a stretch
around Gusau, Bungudu, Maru, Maradun and Bakura parts of Zamfara. River Zamfara
however flows, stretching around Anka, Bukkuyum and Gummi. River Ka flows in
the southern part and passes through southern Bukkuyumaround the Gadan Zaima
area and stretches westward into several villages in Danko Wasagu Local Government
of Kebbi state, then traverses to villages in Gummi Local government area of
Zamfara state. Though these rivers serve as tributaries to the River Rima, some
streams also abound, which also in effect,
serve as tributaries to
the main rivers that cross the state. Notable of these streams are the Ɓoɓo stream around Talata Mafara which is
a tributary to river Sokoto, ‘Yar Anka stream found around Anka which empties
its water into river Zamfara and the Walali stream that traverses around
Gwashi, Adabka, Daki Takwas, Gwalli, Bardoki and Gayari. Walali stream empties
its water content into river Zamfara at a confluence called Sagi, situated in
between Ɗakawa
and Matseri villages in Gummi Local Government of the state.
The
rainy season reaches its peak around August and September in the state. This is
the period in which rains become frequent and heavier. During this period, the
rivers and their tributaries become over-flooded with water such that river
banks become overstretched which leads to flooding. The flood water extends and fills the available lakes both natural
and manmade. This brings about the abundance of juvenile fish into the lakes
due to the low current nature of the water. It breeds and reproduces in the lakes
and stagnant waters. During this period, the fishermen used fishing gear like
hooks and line, the seine net and other local traps like the gura, mali, Unduruttu also called Tilimba
around Bakura, and a host of other traps to catch the fish in commercial quantity.
However,
during the dry season when the dry Harmattan winds blow over the entire state,
the rivers become dry except in a few parches where the rivers are deep. The
volume of water which is also collected in the lakes during flooding, recesses
significantly low such that the lakes become shallow with little tides. It is
at this period that the resident fishermen employ the technique of constructing
different types of fish fences to improve bumper catch.
It
is in light of the above that this paper attempts to survey the various types
of traditional fish fences that usually the fishing population in the state
constructs, in an attempt to make substantial catch both for commercial
purposes and the dietary intake needs of their family. Several visits were made
both in the early morning hours and late evening to the various fishing grounds
randomly selected so that the fishermen are sighted at a time when they make the
harvest of whatever fish their gears catch. The selected areas visited include
the Nato Lake in Bakura, Saru lake in Gummi, Walali stream/river in Gutsura and
Gayari of Gummi Local Government, the Ƙardaji and Tafkin Danko lakes in Gummi, the river
Ka
at both Gadan Zaima of Bukkuyum and Maga In Kebbi. The visits avail the researcher
the opportunity to meet with the fishermen for information gathering from the
source, that is the actual people who engage in the construction of management
of the Hausa traditional fish fences.
2.0 What is a Fish Fence?
From
the viewpoint of Hausa fishermen, a fish fence is usually a barrier erected across a given fishing area to obstruct the passage of fish away from the
intended area to catch it. From
the viewpoint of the Hausa fishermen fish fence is erected solely to catch fish
that is migrating out of the lake or pond. This is true of the sankiya or saba
fence which is constructed across rivers and streams in which water flows. A Hausa proverb says:
“Ba don kifi mai zuwa
ake yin saba ba, don mai dawowa”
It
means the saba fence is solely not
intended for the fish leaving the river but for the one returning into it. In
Hausa artisanal fishing, the materials needed to provide blockade for the fish vary.
It may be heaps of grasses erected with sticks, grain stalks neatly arranged
using locally sourced fibre, maybe logs of tree branches, nets of various mesh
sizes may be of use, as well as moulded mud with
which barricade is constructed across stagnant water to restrict the free
movement of fish within its habitat. A fisherman operating in a water body that
has rocks in it employs the use of stones of various shapes and sizes to erect
a fishing fence. The material required for fence construction depends on
whether the water is stagnant or it flows. Stagnant water may require less
heavy materials as compared to flowing water which moves with current or force.
3.0
Types of Traditional Hausa Fish Fence
The
Zamfara fishing community has many fish fences which they construct to serve as
a barrier to the movement of fish so that it is easily trapped by the use of
numerous local fish traps. The nature of the water determines the type of fence
needed. Water that flows with force requires a fence distinct from the fence
constructed over stagnant and shallow water.
In the area under study, the following fence traps were found visible in
some fishing areas visited
3.1
Sankiya
Sankiya is a traditional fish fence erected across
narrow streams and rivers where water flows with force and
moderate tide. Depending on where it is to be constructed, the sankiya fence is made using locally
sourced materials like corn stalks and logs of wood from strong trees like the ƙirya
tree known as false locust or Prosopis Africana, the market
tree, chewstick tree scientifically called Anogeissus
leiocarpus.Maɗaci tree or the mahogany, scientifically called Khaya senegalensis. These trees and
others similar to them are carefully selected due to their log’s hardened and
durable nature. These trees do not easily wear out. The bigger part of the logs
to be strongly tucked on the ground (bottom of the water) are sharpened using
the axe before it is firmly erected in a vertical position. A number of these logs
are placed across the entire width of the stream leaving little spaces in
between the poles to allow for water flow. To make the fence strong, logs of
wood are tightened horizontally both at the top and the bottom of the erected
pillars using ropes twined with local fibres like kenaf called rama in Hausa or botanically namedHibiscus cannabinus. To further
strengthen the fence to guard against its collapse due to the pressure of water
current, and to make it durable, logs are
attached to it at the back for more support. Sankiya made of corn stalks,called
saba in Kebbi, is usually made at a joint or canal serving as an outlet between
a river or stream and a lake adjacent to it. Here the water current is not as
forceful as the river current, hence the use of not-so-strong materials in
making this type of sankiya fence. In areas where the river or stream has lots of rocks in it, the fishermen resort to the use
of small sizes of rocks to construct the sankiya
fence. The rocks are arranged in stretch heaps across the width of the river. Intermittent gaps are made in the
fence to allow for water flow and passage of fish, which most likely goes into
a trap set at the other divide of the fence. The type of trap usually set at
this type of trap is stronger due to the intensity of the water current. It is
called ƙirinji. Is
an oblong-shaped trap made from gezasticks.
It is then supported with a little log to prevent it from drifting. This was sighted around
river Ka at Maga, proximate to the border between Zamfara and Kebbi states.
Fish
catch is made with the use of some fishing traps like the unduruttu also called tilimbaand
the mali trap which are placed at the bottom of the fence after placing bait
into them. The bait may be made from grain (millet) chaff, and dusa moulded after it is mixed
with little mud to make it
sticky. It is then roasted a little so that it emits a certain odour that will
attract fish to it. Tuwon ɓula a local food made from grain may also be used as bait
in any of the traps. The traps are visited twice daily, morning and evening to
make a harvest of the day’s catch.
3.2 Tashi
Tashi
is a fish fence constructed across a lake or any fishing ground with shallow
stagnant water or
water that does not flow. The
materials needed for its construction are the grasses that grow
in the water like the buruguplant
botanically known as vossia cuspidata. The heap of grass is bonded to the bottom of the water
using mud and sticks to strengthen it. Slight openings are made within the
fence to allow for the passage of fish. It is right at the openings or passages
that the fishermen place their traps. Any fish crossing to the other side of
the fence gets entangled in the trap. The type of traps in operation on this
type of fence are the unduruttu and mali traps. The traps are inspected
twice daily for harvest.
2.
Tashi fence (Hedge)
3.3 Ganuwa
Fence
Ganuwa is a Hausa word that connotes a rampart or mound around
a town. (Bargery, 1934:362) Historically, ancient Hausa cities and towns were
surrounded by a wall constructed for security reasons. This fish hence derived
its name from this wall. The fact that the fence is constructed
using mud may be the reason why the fence is also called ganuwa for it is in like manner erected
using mud. Ganuwa
fence is usually erected in lakes and ponds with stagnant but shallow water.
Clearance is made of the thorny gumbi
scrub, mimosa pigra or any of its
kind in the water to pave the way for the erection of the fence across the
width of the entire lake. Mud is then obtained at the bottom of the lake. Using the mud, a wall is erected a few
meters high above the water level. Some logs are attached to both sides of the
fence at irregular intervals to provide support and strengthen it to avert easy
collapse. Beneath the fence, hollows or gaps are left open to allow for the passage
or movement of fish and other aquatic creatures to the other divide of the
fence. It is right at those hollow openings that the tsattsara, gura or even unduruttu
traps are set so that any fish swimming to the other side of the fence falls
into it. At most of the fences visited tilapia fish is the most vulnerable species
caught in large quantities. The harvest of the catch is undertaken twice per
day by the fishermen.
3. Ganuwa fence
3.5
Laɓuni
Laɓuni is usually erected in shallow, stagnant water like
a lake or pond. It is another fish fence made of mud. It is almost similar to
the preceding ganuwabut differences
suffice. The two major differences between the ganuwa and laɓuni are that later, the hollow allowed at the bottom of the fence is further partially
blocked with corn stalks or short sticks, in such a manner that only water will pass through but
its narrow nature does not allow for the passage of fish through it. Another
difference is that at the top level
of the fence, another round-shaped wall is attached to the main
fence. The attached fence is however made in such a manner that a wide ditch is
made. The hole is to collect any fish that tries to jump to the other divide of
the fence. At the foot of the fence, precisely where the narrow openings are
made, traps of mali or unduruttu a set. Any fish evading the
trap may jump to cross to the other side of the walled fence. Thereafter, the
it falls into the constructed ditch. In the morning, the hole becomes full of
fish which the fisherman harvests. At most times, the tilapia fish forms the
major catch.
4.
Laɓuni
3.4 Dumba Fence
Etymologically, the word dumba is a Kanuri word which in
its origins, means a blockade made to prevent water from flooding into the habitable areas (Krings, 2000:94). Though the word is derived from Kanuri,
the technique was transferred to the Lake Chad area by Hausa fishermen. Presently,
amongst the fishing population in Zamfara, North-west Nigeria, dumba connotes a
fence made of nets erected in a lake or pool, using sticks as pillars to
obstruct the movement of fish to affect its catch using the fish traps as
instruments. The fence is stretched over
the width of the water using sticks as support pillars that hold the net erect
above the water level. Sometimes, the mesh size of the nets used depends on the
size of the fish intended for catch. The dumba
trap is very effective in terms of boosting catch, thereby improving the
earnings of the fishermen.
5. Dumba fence.
4.0 Traditional Rights over Fence
Construction
Traditionally,
not all fishermen have right over fence construction in the lakes and ponds
within the research area visited. The control of water resources in each
administrative district lies with the traditional authority under the Emir or
the district Head where the water is located. The district Head has other
subordinates answerable to him. Amongst these subordinate authorities are the Sarki Ruwa and Fadama as the case may be. These traditional occupational heads who
serves as leaders of the fishermen population, holds the right over the construction
of fish fence in the waters under their area of jurisdiction. In most of the
fences visited, it is the family of those who were originally vested with the
rights that construct the fences. It is presently a hereditary affair. The
commoners have no right whatsoever to construct fish fences. They may, however,
if allowed, assist in the construction process and return, a certain share of
the proceeds from fish sales is offered to them as remuneration for partaking in the
work. Each spot at which a fish fence is constructed is strictly under the
control of the heirs of those who originally possess the right over it. As it
is the traditional practice over the years, it does not constitute a problem to
warrant misunderstandings and conflicts among the fishermen except for a few
reported instances of encroachment which are settled amicably. As to the traditional authority who reigns supreme over the fishermen and the water resources,
they are presented with gifts from the catch made at the discretion and will of
the fishermen. They are not coerced, nor do they in any way give the gifts
under duress.
5.0 Effects of the Traditional Fish Fences
The
practice of erecting fish fences in the natural water reservoirs of the area
has several depilating consequences on the conservation of the aquatic
environment. This is obvious because the fishermen operating the fish fences in
this area are not so mindful of the mesh sizes of the fishing gears they use to
make catches. Hence, this results in catching smaller sizes of fish including
the juveniles, which in effect results in the depletion of the fish population
in the habitat in which they operate.
The
process of fence construction sometimes involves the removal and use of the
natural vegetative cover found in the lakes. This consists of different grasses
that strive in the water. Removal of this green cover openly exposes the water
to the bare dry winds of the Harmattan (winter) season. This has devastating
effects on the lake as it makes it dry quickly. This therefore devastates both
the environment and the fish resources. This becomes glaringly manifest when the
rainy season with less amount of rainfall is witnessed. This means that there
will be no flooding in which the rivers flood their banks leading to the dispersal
of migratory fishes into the lakes. This brings about significant improvements
in the proportion of fish in those lakes. Where there is no flood, the fish
population drops significantly in the lakes and ponds. This therefore means
less fish to catch in the fishing season, which invariably affects the economy
and the food security of both the fishermen and those in the associated crafts.
5.1 The Fishermen’s
Conservation
Effort.
The
fishermen in an attempt to curve the menace of the aforementioned effects of
their activity and its resultant consequences on their earnings, come up with
another practice which to some extent reduces the depletion of fish resources
in the lakes they operate. What they do is the construction of wide dug-out
wells and or wide ponds in which they nurse fish when the lakes dry up
completely. This happens around February and March. They put in fingerlings of
different fish species and nurse them by feeding and guarding them against poachers
throughout the dry season. However, around May or June, the pond is harvested
and bigger sizes of fish are caught and the smaller ones are left in the well
or pond until the lake is flooded again, when the fish then disperses into the
lake. In the wet season, When the water tide becomes high, all fishermen
without exception are allowed to make catches of the fish at the lakes using
their gear such as hooks and line, the gill nets and all other legally allowed
traps. Unmindful of the fact that they laboured to nurse the fish in the wells
and ponds during the dry season, the heirs to fish fence rights do not exercise
exclusive rights over who should or should not fish in the lake. Their
conservation effort is for the collective benefit of all.
5.0 Research Findings
This research has brought to the open the artisanal
practice of fish fence construction and management as it relates to Hausa
traditional fishing in Zamfara state, Nort-West Nigeria. The research has vividly
realized that fishermen resort to locally accessible materials to construct the
fences. This ranges from grasses, sticks, logs of trees, mud, stones and the
net, depending on the nature of the fishing area in which the fence is to be
erected.
The
right over the construction of the fish fence is traditionally not given the sundry
fishermen. The right to construct and harness fish resources through the use of
fences is vested solely in the traditional leaders of the local fishing
industry. This right is usually inherited from parents to their children. Each
of them has a particular water body in which the family construct a fish fence.
No encroachment is allowed. However, those fishermen who do not inherit the
right may benefit from the fish fence by partaking in or offering labour
services in its construction. In return, however, they enjoy a certain stipend
whether in cash or in kind for offering their services.
Often they are rewarded by way of allowing them to put
in place, their traps at the fence, most especially the ganuwa fence which used to be long. This, they are allowed
throughout harnessing the fishery resources at the fence. It is the resolve of
this paper that this magnanimity extended to those fishers who have a traditional
right over fish fence construction contributes to the minimal conflicts between
the fishers over the non-equitable or exclusive right to fence construction in
water resources that supposedly should be common to all.
The
paper has observed that the practice of fish fence construction contributes to
the degrading of the fadama
environment. The practice of clearing and utilizing the green cover of the lake
or water pond in erecting fences contributes to both depleting the aquaculture
and the subsequent drying up of the lakes during the winter. However, conscious
of this fact, the owners of the fish fences most especially the tashi, a hedge and the ganuwa do take somehow, traditional
conservation measures for the sustainability of their craft.
Conclusion
Zamfara
state, one of Nigeria’s states situated in the North-West region of the country
has an ecosystem that allows fishing activities to take place. The fishermen
are majorly domiciled in four Local Government areas of the state, namely
Bakura, Gummi, Maradun and Shinkafi. In Maradun, the Bakalori dam provides the
enabling ground for fishing activities to strive in the manmade water
reservoir. In the remaining areas, however, fishing takes place in the rivers
that traverse through and the lakes and ponds that form the flood plain. It is
in the numerous lakes the Local Government were endowed, that the fishers
engage in the practice of fish fence construction as a fishing technique to
boost their catch, thereby improving their earnings and livelihood.
Highlight
how several fish fences that are constructed and managed are made in this
paper. They include the tashi
(hedge), the sankiya, the saba, ganuwa and laɓuni.
The fishermen, through the use of these fish fences greatly enhance their
catch, thereby supplying the much-needed source of proteins the human body
needs for its growth and development. The fishermen through the practice of
erecting fish fences, improve to some extent, the food security of the state.
It
is the light of the above that the paper wishes to call on the state government
to dredge some of the natural lakes the state is endowed with. The lakes are
continuously filled up with sand and other sediments which are brought into
them continuously through erosion, which in effect degrade the lakes, and deplete
the fish species thereby threatening the livelihoods of the fishing community
of those areas. By so doing, more doors of employment opportunities are opened
to the people who may include the fish merchants, the food sellers,
distributors and merchants of fishing equipment, the farmers and a host of
other people who may be directly or indirectly linked with fishing activities.
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List
Fishermen Interviewed
1. Alhaji Ibrahim Nabagudu,
aged 72. He is the former Sarkin Ruwan Bakura in Zamfara state. He is an
astute fisherman, very knowledgeable in artisanal fishing. He was interviewed
both at Nato Lake in Gamji and at his residence in Bakura.
2. Fadama Auwal, was aged
78 at the time of the last interview with him. He is the Fadama of Ƙurfa district. The Saru lake is under his
jurisdiction. He passed away a few months after my last interview with him at
his Gayari residence situated in the Bajana area of the town. The interview was
on Sunday, May, 15th 2023.
3. Fadama Sa’idu, he is
aged 41. He is presently the Fadama a Gummi, Zamfara state. He was severely
interviewed both at Lake Tsoffi where he operates the ganuwa fence and at his residence in Gummi. The last interview held
was over the phone on Monday, 30/10/2023
4. Fadama Shehu Falale,
the title holder of Fadama, Falale, aged 50. He was interviewed severally at Lake
Rauna and his residence in Falale, Gummi Local Government, Zamfara state. The
last interview was held on Tuesday, 25/07/2023.
5. Mairuwa Hantsi, the
Sarkin ruwa of Maga, jihar Kabi. He was aged 62. He was interviewed at the bank
of river Ka, near the border between Zamfara and Kebbi state. The interview was
conducted on Thursday, 24th April 2022.
6. Sahabi Ƙaidaji, age 67.
He was severally interviewed at tafkin Danko, tafkin Ɗandamisa, Ƙardaji Lake, and at his residence in Ƙardaji in Gummi, Zamfara state. The last interview was conducted at his residence in Kardaji
on Sunday, 19th August, 2023.
7. Sani Mujahid Gayari, a
Basarke knowledgeable in the use of kyataku
a single handheld clap net. He is aged 58. He was interviewed at his
residence in Gayari, Gummi Local Government, Zamfara state. He was last interviewed
on Saturday, 2nd September, 2023.
8. Umaru Gigam Falale, a fisherman aged 74. He was interviewed at Falale, Gummi Local Government, Zamfara state on Saturday, 17th September, 2022.
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