Cite this article as: Sarkin Fada, I. & Abdullahi, M. (2023). Ƙirƙira da Harɗantawa a Sunayen ‘Yan Ta’adda a Arewa Maso Yammacin Nijeriya. Zamfara International Journal of Humanities, (2)3, 75-81. www.doi.org/10.36349/zamijoh.2023.v02i03.009.
Ƙirƙira da Harɗantawa a Sunayen ‘Yan Ta’adda a Arewa Maso Yammacin Nijeriya
Daga
Isah Sarkin Fada
Department of Languages and Cultures
Federal University Gusau
Phone No: 08039165872
Isahsarkinfada@Gmail.Com
Da
Musa Abdullahi
Department of Languages and Cultures
Federal University Gusau
Phone No: 08037765415
Tsakure
Ana samun sauye-sauye a harshe ta hanyar bunƙasa da faɗaɗa da kuma
samun sababbin al’amurra cikinsa da sukan faru lokaci-lokaci. Harshe yana bunƙasa ne
sakamakon ƙaruwar yawan masu magana da shi.
Haka kuma yana samun naƙasu sakamakon raguwar ‘yan
asalin harshen da ke magana da shi. Wannan maƙala mai taken ‘Nazarin ƙirƙira da ma’anar wasu sunayen ‘yan ta’adda
a Arewa Maso Yammacin Nijeriya.’ Wannan maƙala ce da ta yi nazarin bunƙasar harshen
Hausa da aka samu dalilin ayyukan masu ta’addanci a
wasu yankunan Arewa maso Yammacin Nijeriya. Maƙalar ta yi ƙoƙarin fitowa
da wasu sababbin sunayen da ‘yan ta’adda suke kiran kansu da su waɗanda suka ƙirƙirawa kansu
domin amfani da su wajen sadarwarsu ta yau da kullum da kuma wasu sunaye da
mutane suke kiran su da su. Manufar maƙalar ita ce, tabbatar da bunƙasar da
harshen Hausa ya samu a dalilin ayyukan ‘yan ta’adda ta hanyar samar da ƙirƙirarrun sunaye
na gama-gari da ake kiran su da su da kuma sunayen da suke laƙabawa kansu
da kuma sunayen da ake yi masu. An yi amfani da ra’in ‘Dangantakar Harshe da Rikici’ (Language of Violence) na
Smith, Alison G. da wasu (2008), wajen gudanar da wannan bincike wanda yake
magana a kan sadarwa tsakanin ‘yan ta’adda da waɗanda ke yaƙar su. Ra’in ya bayyana cewa, idan aka yi
la’akari da kalmomin da ɓangaroirin
biyu ke furtawa, to akwai abubuwan da ake samarwa dangane da harshe da bunƙasarsa. Daga
cikin dabarun da aka yi amfani da su wajen tattara bayanan da aka rubuta wannan
maƙalar akwai; tattaunawa da ‘yan ta’adda da suka tuba da mutanen da
aka yi garkuwa da su domin neman kuɗin fansa, amma daga baya suka
samu ‘yanci, da ‘yan jarida da wasu ɗaiɗaikun mutane
da ayyukan ta’addanci suke aukawa a cikin yankunansu. Haka kuma da sunayen da
ake ji na ‘yan ta’adda a kafafen sadarwa da kuma hanyar sadarwa na rediyo da
talabijin da jaridu da mujallu ta intanet.
Fitilun Kalmomi: Ƙirƙira, Harɗantawa, Sunaye, Ta’addanci
Shimfiɗa
Harshe hanya ce ta ƙulla dangantaka tsakanin mutane
musamman wajen mu’amala da
zamantakewa. Ana amfani da harshe wajen isar da saƙo da wurin gudanar da ayyukan ibada da
yaɗa al’ada. Haka zalika, harshe ya kasance wata makaranta ce wajen hani da
horo ga al’umma a kan wasu al’amurra. Jibril (2017, p6) yana cewa: ‘Harshe wata
hanya ce ta furta wasu sautuka masu ma’ana wadda ɗan-Adam yake amfani da ita domin sadar da wani saƙo’. Bugu da ƙari, harshe yana ƙunshe da waɗansu siffofi waɗanda ake iya gane shi da su, waɗannan siffofi kuwa sun haɗa da; ƙirƙira domin samar da sababbin kalmomi da tsari da koyo da
yalwa da ƙwarewa da kuma daidaito. Babban aikin
harshe ga al’umma shi ne
sadarwa tsakanin al’umma.
A ɓangaren al’umma kuwa, Yakasai (2020, p51)
ya bayyana cewa: ‘Al’umma ita ce, tarin ɗaiɗaikun mutane da suke zaune a gari guda,
ko yanki ko lardi ko jiha ko ƙasa’. Al’umma tana iya kasancewa haɗakar ƙabilu daban-daban. Wannan yana nuna
cewa duk lokacin da aka sami fiye da mutum guda, wanda lalurar hulɗa da mu’amala ta kama. Hulɗa da mu’amala kuwa ba su cika ba tare da al’umma ba.
Amfani da harshe tilas ne, a wajen hulɗa, kuma lalura ce. Saboda haka, harshe
ya zama kanwa uwar gami ga dukkan al’amurran rayuwar ɗan Adam.
A ɗayan ɓangare kuwa, rukunin jama’a ya ƙunshi mutane da suka yi tarayyar alaƙa ta fuskar zamantakewa wuri guda. Duk
da yake ɗaiɗaikun mutane kan bambanta da juna ta
hanyar magana, amma ana iya samun Hausar rukuni dalilin tarayyar aiki ko
matsayi ko jinsi ko jama’a ko addini ko samun matakin ilmi iri ɗaya. Nazarin harshen ta’addanci wani fanni ne da ke ƙarƙashin ilmin walwalar harshe, amma kuma wanda bai samu
ranar shanya daga wajen masana ba. Harshen ta’addanci wani ɓangare ne da ya bayar da gudummuwa sosai wajen bunƙasa harshen Hausa.
‘Yan ta’adda fanɗararrun mutane ne da suka killace kansu
wuri ɗaya a daji, ba su son mu’amala a cikin
al’umma. Saboda haka, kasancewa sun yi gungu wuri ɗaya, kuma suna gudanar da rayuwarsu ta yau da kullum, to
a mahangar masana ilmin walwalar harshe babu mamaki su samar da wata Hausa ta
daban wadda ta keɓanta da su da ta sha bamban da sauran
rukunin jama’a.
A lokacin gudanar da wannan bincike an yi ƙoƙarin zagayawa a wasu yankunan da ke Arewa maso Yammacin
Nijeriya, musamman wuraren da lamarin rashin tsaro ya fi ƙamari domin tattara bayanan yadda ake
samar da sunayen ‘yan ta’adda da suka samu a sanadiyar ayyukan
masu ta’addanci. Binciken
ya yi nazarin yadda ‘yan ta’adda suke kallon kansu da yadda al’umma suke kallon su. Wuraren da aka
gudanar da binciken a cikinsu sun haɗa da; wasu yankuna na jihar Zamfara da
wani yanki na yammacin jihar Katsina da wani yanki na gabashin jihar Sakkwato.
Dabarun Bincike
Ayyukan ta’addanci abu ne da al’umma
suke ƙyama, amma duk da haka a ɓangaren harshe ya taimaka wajen bunƙasa harshe matuƙa. Dalili kuwa shi ne, an sami ƙaruwar sababbin kalmomi da sassan jimla
da jimloli a cikin harshen Hausa ta dalilin hakan. Saboda haka, an yi amfani da
dabaru da dama domin tattara bayanan wannan bincike. Daga cikin dabarun da aka
yi amfani da su akwai:
a.
Tattaunawa da ‘yan ta’addan da suka
tuba domin samun sahihan bayanai.
b.
Tattaro bayanai daga kafafen yaɗa labarai na jaridu da mujallu da kuma kafar sadarwa ta intanet.
c.
Hira da wasu daga cikin waɗanda aka yi garkuwa da su, suka samu ‘yanci.
d. Tattaunawa da wasu
mutanen da ayyukan ta’addanci suke gudana a yankunansu.
Ra’in Bincike
Ra’in da aka yi amfani da shi wajen gudanar da wannan
bincike shi ne, ra’in ‘Dangantakar Harshe da Rikici’ (Language
of Violence) na Smith, Alison G. da wasu (2008), wanda Randall (2010) ya faɗaɗa. Wannan
ra’i ya yi magana a kan sadarwa tsakanin ‘yan ta’adda da waɗanda ke yaƙar su. Ra’in ya bayyana
cewa harshe shi ne kanwa uwar gami ga dukkan al’amurra, domin babu abin da za a
aiwatar ba tare da an yi amfani da shi ba. Haka kuma, da harshe ne ake iya gane
mutum ko waye da halinsa da aikinsa? Ra’in ya nuna cewa, da harshe ake amfani wajen dabarun yaƙi domin isar da saƙo da tunkarar abokan gaba. Waɗanda suka yi aiki wajen ɗabbaƙa wannan ra’in akwai: Antonio Sanfilippo da wasu (2013)
da Shannon C. Houck (2013) da Lucian Gideon Corway (2017) da Richard Frank
(2021) duk sun yi amfani da ra’in. Harley Mc
Cullough (2022) ya yi wa ra’in kwaskwarima ta ɓangaren ta’addanci da ramuwar gayya inda ya dubi ayyukan
ta’addancin da ke faruwa a sassa daban-daban na duniya, musamman yankin ƙasashen Larabawa.
Haka kuma, ana amfani da harshe wajen yayata manufar ‘yan
siyasa da malaman addinai da kuma gudanar da harkokin yau da kullum. Bugu da ƙari, ra’in ya yi ƙoƙarin nazarin sadarwar ‘yan ta’adda ta ɓangarori daban-daban da sukan yi domin cimma buƙatunsu na yau da kullum. Ta hanyar la’akari da halayensu da ɗabi’unsu da lura da yadda suke gudanar da lamurransu da
yanayin zamantakewarsu.. Haka ma, da nazarin yadda suke sarrafa harshe. Ra’in
ya bayyana cewa, masana ba su mayar da hankali a kan abin da ya shafi harshen
ta’addanci ba,shi ne dalilin da ya sa aka samar wannan ra’i. Bugu da ƙari, ra’in ya yi ƙoƙarin fito da ƙudura guda uku da mai nazarin harshen ta’addanci ya kamata ya kula da su kamar
haka:
a.
La’akari da yanayi da halayyar ‘yan
ta’adda a lokacin da suke sadarwa, wannan dabara tana iya taimakawa ƙwarai wajen gano ma’anar abubuwan da suke furtawa.
b.
Nazarin kalmomi da jimlolin da aka samu
daga ‘yan ta’adda, domin fito da ma’anarsu ta asali da kuma sabuwar ma’ana.
c.
Kalmomin da suke furtawa su dace da
nazarin da ake a kai, domin shi zai ba mai nazari damar bin diddigin kowace
kalma ta fuskar ma’ana.
Daga ƙarshe, bincike ya ɗauki wannan ra’i domin amfani da shi wajen gudanar da
wannan muƙala.
Ma’anar Ta’addanci?
Ta’addanci aiki ne da yake iya haifar da ayyuka masu illa
da lahani da haɗari da ke iya haifar da rauni a sashen
jikin mutum ko ya yi sanadiyar rasa rayuwarsa da dukiyarsa. Kasancewar
ta’addanci ba sabon abu ba ne a Arewa maso yammacin Nijeriya da ma Arewacin
Niyeriya. Malamai da yawa sun bayar da ma’anar ta’addanci a cikin ayyukansu
wasu daga cikin ma’anonin sun haɗa da na:
Abraham (1947, p397) ya bayyana ta’addanci a harshen
Ingilishi da:
‘Bad manner that serious misdemeanour.’
Fassarar mai bincike:
Ta’addanci yana nufin aikata wani mummunan hali da
al’umma suke ƙyama.
Wannan ma’ana ta yi daidai da fahimtar abin da wannan maƙala take buƙatar fitowa da shi akan ta’addanci saboda a nan ana son a fahimci
mene ne ta’addanci, kafin a
kai ga nazarin ƙirƙirarrin sunaye da suka samu ta dalilin ayyukan ta’addanci a wasu yankunan Arewa maso
Yammacin Nijeriya.
Ƙamusun Hausa na Jami’ar Bayaro (2006, p416)
ya bayyana cewa: ‘Ta’addanci yana nufin mugun aiki, musamman na haddasa ɓarna kamar lalata abubuwa ko kisa da sauransu, don
bambancin siyasa ko addini.’
Haka kuma, Atuwo (2009, p136) ya ce: ‘ta’addanci na nufin
manyan miyagun ɗabi’u ko aikata miyagun ayyuka’
Idan aka yi la’akari da waɗannan ma’anoni a kan ta’addanci maƙala ta fahimci cewa, ta’addanci abu ne
maras kyau a cikin al’umma. Bugu da ƙari, babu wata al’umma mai tinƙaho da shi. A ɓangaren nazarin harshe kawai ta’addanci ke da amfani ta
hanyar samar da sababbin kalmomi a cikin harshe. dukkan ma’anonin da aka bayar
na ta’addanci suna da alaƙa da tunanin wannan takarda, saboda
binciken na son ya fito da sunayen da suka samu a dalilin ayyukan masu ta’addanci a wasu yankunan Arewa maso Yammacin
Nijeriya. Wannan zai fito da yadda harshen Hausa ya samu bunƙasa ta hanyar samar da ƙirƙirarrun sunayen da ke da ma’anoni masu tayar da hankali da firgita
da ban tsoro ga jama’a.
A fahimtar muƙala ta’addanci shi ne
aikata wani abu na assha da gangan da ke iya haifar da rasa rayuka da dukiyoyin
al’umma.
Ƙirar Kalma
Ƙirar kalma ba sabon abu ba ne ga
harshe, domin shi ke nuna bunƙasa da faɗaɗa da yalwar da harshe ke samu ta hanyar
samar da sababbin kalmomi. Harshen Hausa ya ƙirƙiri kalmomi da suka saje da kalmomin da yake da su domin
amfanin yau da kullum. Dalilin haka, masana sun bayyana ƙirƙira da cewa:
Crystal (2008, p340) ya bayyana ƙirar kalma da cewa: ‘wani yanki ne na nahawu da ya ƙunshi yadda ake samar da kalmomi ta
hanyar amfani da ƙwayar ma’ana.’
Amfani (2007, p139) ‘ƙirar kalma reshe ne na nahawu wanda yake
nazarin sigogin fasalin kalmomi ta la’akari da tubalin ginin kalma da ƙwayar ma’ana’. Wanda Muhammada (2019, p5)
ya fassara ya kuma yi ƙarin bayani a kai. Wannan ya nuna cewa
kowace kalma tana da yadda ake ƙera ta ta dace da fasalin da ake so.
Haka ma, akwai hanyoyin ƙirar kalma masu yawa da aka tanada
domin samar da sababbin kalmomi a cikin harshe. Fitacci daga cikin hanyoyin ƙirar kalma su ne: Abubakar (2000, p5)
ya bayyana su kamar haka: Ɗafi da ninki da harɗatawa da kwaskwarima.
Haka ma, Ndimele (2007, p94) ya bayyana wasu daga cikin
hanyoyin ƙirar kalma kamar haka: (a)
(Compounding) harɗantawa (b) (Borrowing) aro (c)
(Clipping) gutsirewa (d) (Coinage or Neologism) kwaskwarima (e) (Conversion)
sauya ajin kalma da kuma haɗe sassan kalmomi biyu su ba da ɗaya. Wannan maƙala ta dubi waɗannan hanyoyi ne da ake bi a Hausa
wajen samar da sunayen ‘yan ta’adda, kuma maƙala ta gudanar da bincike a kai.
Fagge (2013) ya bayyana, tsira da kumbura da harɗantawa su ne ginshiƙan ilmin ƙirar kalma. Shi kuwa Sani (2011, p5)
cewa ya yi hanyoyin samar da kalma su ne ɗafi da harɗantawa da ninki.
Bunƙasar harshe shi ke sa ya sauya, saboda
yaɗuwa da yake yi a sanadiyar yawan masu
magana da shi, a sakamakon wannan sai a sami sauyi da ke samar da sababbin
kalmomi da sassan jimloli da jimloli a cikin harshe. Bugu da ƙari, da samar da kalmomin da aka yi wa
kwaskwarima da ƙirƙira da kwaikwaya da aro daga wasu harsuna domin su dace
da harshen Hausa.
Ƙirƙira da Ma’anar Sunayen Wasu ‘Yan ta’adda
Ilmin ƙirar kalma ya taka rawa matuƙa wajen samar da kalmomi a cikin
harshen Hausa. Daga cikin kalmomin da aka samu akwai sunaye da ke da sigogi
daban-daban da kuma ma’anoni mabambanta.
Haka kuma sunayen sun bambanta wajen yanayin ƙirarsu da kuma inda suka fi dacewa su
zo a wajen ginin jimla. Ga kaɗan daga cikin ma’anonin suna:
Abraham (1947,p826) ya bayyana suna da cewa: ‘Suna wani
laƙabi ne da ake ba wa abu mai rai ko
maras rai, wanda ake gani da ido ko wanda ba iyawa’.
Abbas (2012,p31) ya ce, ‘suna kalma ce da ake amfani da
ita domin ambaton mutum ko dabba ko tsiro ko wani abu mai rai ko maras rai ta
yadda za a iya bambanta shi da wani’.
A fahimtar maƙala, suna abu ne da ake laƙabawa mutum ko dabba ko wuri ko abubuwa
domin bambancewa tsakanin wani abu da wani.
Harshen Hausa ya samu amfana da kalmomi da dama, musamman
wajen sadarwa ta yau da kullum. A ɓangaren kalmomin da ‘yan ta’adda suke
amfani da su akwai kalmomi da suka danganci ƙirƙira, a dalilin haka masana suka kawo ma’anoni daban-daban. Ga wasu daga
cikinsu.
Yakasai (2005, p3) ya bayyana cewa, ‘ƙirƙira wata hanya ce da harshe ke bi wajen samar da kalmomi
a cikinsa.’
Saboda haka, ƙirƙira wata hanya ce da harshen Hausa ke
bi wajen samar da sababbin kalmomi a cikin rumbun kalmominsa.
A ɓangaren ma’ana ta sunayen ‘yan ta’adda
za mu kalli ma’ana ta kimiyar harshe. Ana nazarin ma’ana a kimiyar harshe ne ta
bisa kyakkyawan tsarin da harsuna suke kallon tsarin ma’anar kalmomi da kuma
jimloli. A bisa irin wannan ne Finegan (2004, p188-217) yake cewa, ana iya
nazarin ma’anar kalmomi ta fuskoki uku: (a) ma’ana ta kimiyar harshe
(linguistic meaning) wadda ta ƙunshi ma’anar da kalma take nufi kai tsaye a
zahiri (referential meaning) d kuma dukkan ma’anonin dake tattare cikin kalma idan
aka faɗe ta (sense meaning). Haka kuma akwai
(b) ma’anar dake tattare da yanayin zamantakewa (social meaning) da kuma
ma’anar dake ƙunshe da manufar mai magana da abin da
mai sauraro zai fahimta (affective meaning).
A wannan maƙala an mayar da hankali ga ma’ana ta kimiyar harshe ta waɗannan sunaye wadda ta ƙunshi ma’ana ta kai tsaye (referential meaning)
da kuma ma’anar da duk mai
sauraro zai iya bijirowa a ransa idan an ambaci kowane ɗaya daga cikin sunayen. Wannan yana nufin duk sunan da
aka ambata, ma’anarsa ta kai tsaye ake nufi da shi da kuma abin da masu saurare
suka fahimta.
Sunayen ‘Yan Ta’adda da aka Samar ta Hanyar Harɗantawa
An bi hanyoyi da dama wajen samar da sunayen da al’umma
ke kiran ‘yan ta’adda da kuma waɗanda suke laƙabawa kansu a zantuka na yau da kullum.
Daga cikin waɗannan hanyoyi akwai harɗantawa.
Ndimele (2007, p100) ya bayyana harɗantawa da:
‘compounding is a process of joining
two or more formerly independent roots to form a single word.
Fassarar mai bincike: Harɗantawa wata hanya ce ta haɗa kalmomi biyu ko fiye masu zaman kansu su ba da kalma ɗaya.
A kan abin da ya shafi harɗaɗɗen suna kuwa, Galadanci (1976, p24) ya
kawo rabe-raben harɗantawa zuwa gida uku: (a) harɗaɗɗen suna yana iya zuwa da suna da sifa,
suna ko sifa wani ya zo daga farko. (b) harɗaɗɗen suna mai aikatau da suna, amma
aikatau ya fara zuwa a farko. (c) harɗaɗɗen suna mai amsa kama, amma amsa kama
ya zo farko.
Duk da cewa mafi yawan kalmomin da ‘yan ta’adda ke kiran
kansu da su harɗantattu ne, maƙala ta yi ƙoƙarin fito da su a sarari. Bugu da ƙari, an yi ƙoƙarin bayyana yanayin ƙirar kalma da ajinta na nahawu da ma’anar kalmar ta asali da kuma sabuwar ma’ana. Haka kuma maƙala ta fito da dangantakar da ke
tsakanin ma’anarta ta asali da
sabuwar ma’ana a cikin
jadawali.
SN |
Suna |
ƘIRAR KALMA |
Ajin kalma |
Tushen kalma |
Sabuwar ma’ana |
1 |
Halilu-Rocket |
Harɗaɗɗiya |
Suna+ Suna |
Hausa da
Ingilishi |
Suna ne mai nuna
firgita da ban tsoro da ake kiran wani ɗan ta’adda da shi. |
2. |
Mai-Solaa |
Harɗaɗɗiya |
Sifa |
Hausa da
Ingilishi |
Wani ƙasaitaccen ɗan ta’adda da ba ya son fita aiki da rana. Haka kuma an
tabbatar da cewa, ya fi son fita aiki a cikin dare. |
3. |
Doogoo-Giɗee |
Harɗaɗɗiya |
Sifa + Suna |
Hausa da
Fulfulde |
Mutum dogo ɗan ta’adda da ke zaune a daji. Yana fashi da fyaɗe ga mata da kisa ga jama’a da kuma ɗaukar mutane domin neman kuɗin fansa. |
4. |
Shaa-ɗaarii |
Harɗaɗɗiya |
Aikatau+ Suna |
Fulfulde |
Wani ƙasurgumin ɗan ta’adda da ya addabi wani yanki a jihar Zamfara da
wani yanki na jihar Kabi. |
5. |
Bello-Turjii |
Harɗaɗɗiya |
Suna +aikatau |
Hausa da Hausa |
Ɗan ta’adda ne da ya shahara wajen satar shanu da ɗaukar mutane domin neman kuɗin fansa. Wannan shahararren ɗan ta’adda ya addabi wani yanki na jihar Zamfara da
Gabacin Sakkwato. |
6. |
Maanu-fiyaa-fiyaa |
Harɗaɗɗiya |
Suna + Suna |
Fulfulde da
Ingilishi |
Ɗan ta’adda mai riƙe da bindiga yana harbin bisa mai kan uwa da wabi. |
7. |
Buharin-Daajii |
Harɗaɗɗiya |
Suna + Suna |
Hausa da Hausa |
Ɓarawo ne da ke zaune a daji yana aiwatar da sace-sace. |
8. |
Kachalla-Doogoo |
Harɗaɗɗiya |
Suna + Sifa |
Kanuri da Hausa |
Ɗan ta’adda mai shugabancin daba da aƙalla tana da mabiya masu ɗimbin yawa. |
9. |
Adoo-Aleiru |
Harɗaɗɗiya |
Suna + Suna |
Hausa da Hausa |
Mashahurin ɗan ta’adda da ya addabi wani yanki na Tsafe da wani ɓangare na Katsina. |
10. |
Gwaska-Black |
Harɗaɗɗiya |
Suna+ sifa |
Hausa da
Ingilishi |
Ɓarawo ne da ba ya da tsoro, su kansu ɓarayi suna shakkar sa, saboda hatsabibancinsa. |
11. |
Yellow-Ashaana |
Harɗaɗɗiya |
Sifa + Suna |
Ingilishi da Hausa |
Ɗan ta’adda mai ƙone gari idan aka je aikil |
12. |
Hassan-A-tarwatsee |
Harɗaɗɗiya |
Suna+ Harafi+ aikatau |
Hausa da Hausa |
Ɓarawo mai biɗar jidali da rigima kowane lokaci. |
13. |
Yaaran-Daajii |
Harɗaɗɗiya |
Suna+mhɗ+ Suna |
Hausa da Hausa |
Mutane ne da suka taru akasari a
daji, mafi yawa matasa domin kai farmaki ga al’umma, da kuma awon gaba da
dukiyarsu. |
14. |
Ɓarayin-Daajii |
Harɗaɗɗiya |
Suna+mhɗ+ Suna |
Hausa da Hausa |
Mutane masu sace-sace da ke zaune a
cikin daji. |
15. |
‘Yan-Bindiga |
Harɗaɗɗiya |
Tsigalau + Suna |
Hausa da Hausa |
Ɓarayi masu satar kayayyakin mutane da
kuma garkuwa da mutane domin neman kuɗin fansa. |
16. |
‘Yan Ta’adda |
Harɗaɗɗiya |
Tsig. + Suna |
Hausa da Larabci |
Ɓarayi masu kashe mutane da ƙone dukiyoyinsu. |
17. |
‘Yan-Jihaadii |
Harɗaɗɗiya |
Tsig. + Suna |
Hausa da Larabci |
Ɓarayi masu yaƙi domin neman inci, saboda suna ganin
an danne masu wani haƙƙi da ya cancance su. An nome masu
makiyaya, an ƙone masu gidaje. Bugu da ƙari, ana yi masu kashi gilla. |
18. |
Sarakunan-Daajii |
Harɗaɗɗiya |
Suna+mhɗ+suna |
Hausa da Hausa |
Mutanen da idan suna cikin daji ba su
taɓuwa, su ke da iko. |
19. |
Ɓarayin-Shaanuu |
Harɗaɗɗiya |
Suna+mhɗ+suna |
Hausa da Hausa |
Mutane masu satar shanu. |
20. |
Abubakar-Buratai |
Harɗaɗɗiya |
Suna+suna |
Hausa da Kanuri |
Wani ɓarawo mai laƙabi da garin wani tsohon shugaban sojoji domin ƙwarewarsa wajen faɗa aka danganta shi garin su tsohon shugaban sojoji. |
Sakamakon Bincike
A kowane bincike akwai buƙatar a fito da sakamakon da aka gano
domin ganin an cimma burin manufar bincike ko akasin haka. Saboda haka, a
wannan muƙala an gano abubuwa kamar haka:
i.
Tabbatar da sunayen ‘yan ta’adda da
suka samu a dalilin ayyukan ‘yan ta’adda a bakunan waɗanda ake yi wa ayyukan ta’addanci domin sanya su a
matsayin ƙari ga waɗanda ake da su a cikin harshen Hausa.
ii.
Haka kuma muƙala ta fito da wasu sunayen ‘yan ta’adda masu nuna firgita da tsoratarwa ga
al’umma.
iii.
Muƙala ta fito da hanyoyin ƙirar sunayen gama-gari da ake kiran ‘Yan ta’adda da su, da kuma sunayen da suke laƙabawa kansu.
iv. Bugu da ƙari, maƙala ta kawo ma’anar suna na asali da kuma sabuwar ma’ana ta ‘yan ta’adda.
Naɗewa
A wannan maƙala an tattauna abubuwa da dama da suka haɗa da: ma’anar ta’addanci da sunayen da ake kiran ‘Yan ta’adda da kuma laƙubban da suke kiran kansu da su. Haka kuma an yi bayanin hanyoyin ƙirar waɗannan sunaye da ajinsu na nahawu da kuma inda suka fi dacewa su zo a tsarin jimla. Bugu da ƙari, muƙala ta fito da ma’ana ta asali da sabuwar ma’ana da kuma dangantakar da ke tsakaninsu. Daga ƙarshe an fito da sakamakon bincike.
Manazarta
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London: Hodder and Soughton.
Abubakar, A. (2000). An
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Amfani, A. H. (2007a). Hausa Morphology: In Basic
Linguistics for Nigerian Langauges Teachers, (ed) Ore Yusuf. Pp137.
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Kundin Digiri na Uku. Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya, Usmanu Danfodiyo
University, Sakkwato.
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Vocabulary.Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University Press
Limited.
CNHN, (2006).Ƙamusun Hausa Na Jami’ar Bayero Kano.
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Crystal, D. (2008). A
Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics Seven Edition. U. S. A. Blackwell
Puplishing. ISBN: 978-1-405-15296-9
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Mohammad, I. A. (2019). Ginshiƙin Bayanin Ilmin Ƙirar Kalma a Hausa: Taƙaitaccen Tsokaci. Maƙalar da aka Gabatar a Taron Ƙara wa Juna Sani a Sashen Nazarin
Harsunan Nijeriya, Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo, Sakkwato.
Ndimele, O. N. (2007). Readings on Language. Port-Harcourt: M & J Grand Orbit
Communication Ltd.
Rufa’i, M. A.(2021). I am a Bandits: A Decade of Research on Armed Banditry
in Zamfara State. 15th University Seminar Presented at Usmanu Danfodiyo
University, Sokoto. Auditorium, Main Campus.
Yakasai, S. A. (2020). Jagoran Ilmin Walwalar Harshe. Kaduna: Amal Printing Press.
Jibril, S. N. (2017). Language, Literature, Culture and Conflict Resolution: Language and Conflict Resolution in the 21st Century. A Paper Presented at the 30th Annual Conference of the Linguistic Association of Nigeria (CLAN). Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Port Harcourt. Rivers State, Nigeria.
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