Takardar ƙara wa juna sani da aka gabatar a ajin ALH 400: Seminars, a Sashen Nazarin Harsuna Da Al’adu, Jami’ar Tarayya Gusau, Nijeriya, (2022/2023 Academic Session).
Karin Harshe Na Rukuni: Nazarin Hausar Masu Hakar Zinari
Daga
ALI AKILU ABDULLAHI
KIBDAU: aliakilu02@gmail.com
PHONE NUMBER: 08069092627
TSAKURE
Baya ga karin
harshen Hausa da ake samu a yankuna daban-daban na ƙasar
Hausa, haka ma ana samun ƙarin haske na rukunin al’umma daban-daban. karin harshe
na rukuni kan samu ne, ko dai dalilin matsayi ko mukami ko aiki ko jinsi ko
ilimi ko addini ko shekaru. Wannan Bincike ya ta’allaƙa
a kan Hausar masu haƙar zinari suke amfani da su, ta hanyar ba su ma’anonin
da suka bambanta da maganar yau da kullum. Maƙasudin wannan
binciken shi ne domin nazartar wasu ma’anoni kalmomi da jimloli. Kuma domin bunƙasa
Hausar rukuni da kuma habaka harshen masu haƙar zinari, Hausa a
matsayin wani nau’in karin harshe na rukuni. An yi amfani da tattaunawa a matsayin
babbar hanyar tattara bayanai. A bisa haka ne aka yi hira da masu haƙar
zinari. Sannan kuma an yi amfani da bugaggun litattafai. Fitilun Kalmomi sun haɗa da Harshe, karin
Harshe da kuma zinari.
GABATARWA
Karin harshe wani ɓangare ne na ilimin
walwalar harshe a cikin kimiyar harshe. Karin harshe ya danganci bambancin da
ake samu na Magana a cikin harshe ɗaya, wanda bai kai ga hanyar da rashin
fahimta kwata-kwata ba tsakanin masu Magana da harshen, sai dai ga waɗanda na ‘yan
rukunin da ake anfani dashi ba. Ana iya nazarin karin harshe ko ta ɓangaren yanki ko
rukuni. Karin harshen yanki ya danganci ‘yan bambancin da ake samu a cikin
harshe dalilin yanki ko wuri da al’umma suke zaune. Yanki na iya haifar da
nau’in bambanci Magana a cikin al’umma masu harshe ɗaya, wanda shi ne
ake kira karin harshe na yanki ko nahiya.
Wannan nau’in karin harshe, shi ne karin
harshe na rukuni. Karin Harshe na rukuni shi ne wanda ake samu dalilin alaka ta
rukuni a cikin al’umma. Alaka karin harshe na rukuni na iya kasancewa ko dai
shekaru ko matsayi ko umurni ko addinin ko jinsi ko aiki ko mukami.Wannan
rukunin shi ma yakan haifar da nau’in Magana daban-daban, dai-dai da rukunan da
muka anbata a sama
1.1
DABARUN GUDANAR DA
BINCIKE
Ƙadarar
Nauman Bincike ya taƙaita ne ga masu Hausar haƙar zinari. An
tattara bayanan majiya ta farko (Primary source) wato ta hanyar hira da
Hausawan da ke gudanar da wannan aiki na haƙar zinari, domin
samun bayanai daga tushe. Sai hanyar ta biyu da aka samu
Bayanai, wato
majiya ta biyu (Secondary source) sun hada da bugaggun littafai da mukain. Duk
waɗannan sun taimaka
wajen share hanya da ƙarin haske tare da yin jagoranci wajen fayyace muhimman
batutuwa da suka shafi binciken.
1.0
WAIWAYE A KAN
MA’ANAR KARIN HARSHE
Masana da dama sun
bayar da ma’anar karin harshe da kuma nau’insa. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan masanan su ne
Skinner (1977:6). A
cikin kundin digiri na farko mai ta ken tasirin Karen Harshen garewanci a kan
katsinanci a garin faskari, ‘’ya kalli harshe a matsayin wani nau’in Magana a
cikin harshe ɗaya, wanda ba shi
ne ainahin harshen ba’’.
Zaruk da Wasu
(1990). A cikin littafin daidaitacciyar Hausa, sun kawo ma’anar karin harshe
kamar haka
“wasu ‘yan
bambancen-bambancen lafazi na kalmomi da jimloli, tsakanin yukunin al’umma ko
shiyoyin ƙasar mai harshe ɗaya.
Sani (2009 :02) ya
kawo Ma’anar karin harshe a matsayin nau’in ne daga cikin nau’in harshe na
al’umma.
Sani (2003) “karin
harshe wani nau’ine na harshe na sadarwa guda ɗaya da al’umma suka amfani da shi,
amma ko wace al’umma nata daban, sai dai sukan gane wa junansu.
Amfani (1993:02) ya
bayyana “Nazarin karin harshe (dielectotogy) a matsayin nazari yana yin Magana
na harshe mutane ɗaya, waɗanda ke fahimtar
juna suna da alaƙar hulɗar ta Magana.
Karin harshe ke nan
yana nufin bambancin Magana da ake samu tsakanin mutane masu harshe ɗaya wanda bai isa
ya haifar da rashin fahimta tsakanin su ba. Duk daya bunƙasa
yana iya samun karin harshe a cikinsa.
1.1
NAU’O’IN KARIN
HARSHEN HAUSA
Karin harshe a
Hausa yana da nau’o’in guda biyu waɗannan kuwa kamar yadda malamai suka bayyana
su ne, karin harshe na yanki da kuma karin harshe na rukuni.
Karin harshe na yanki shi ne wanda ake samu
dalilin wurin zama ko yanki da al’umma suka fito. A irin wannan hali yanki ko
wurin zama yana iya haifar da nau’in Magana daban ga al’umma.
A Hausa kuwa akwai
kare-karen harshe na yanki kamar yadda Beergery (1934) Ahmad da Daura (1970),
Liman (1978)/Malka (1978), Amfani (1980-1993) zaria (1992), Sani (2003) suka
bayyana wadanda suka hada da/Kananci, sakkwatanci/Darkanci/Zazzaganci/Bausanci/Zamfaranci/Adaranci/Damagaranci/Gobiranci/Canyanci/Kurfayanci.Wadannan
kare-karen harshe kuwa ana samun sune a yanki arewacin Nageriya da Arewacin
Jamhuriyar nijar.
Wasu daga cikin
malaman sun rarraba su a matsayin na harshen gabas da yamma ko manya da ƙanana
ya yin da wasu suka kale su bisa tsarin tarihin bayajidda.
Ana iya ganin bambancin karin harshe tun daga
ilimin faruci har ga ilimin ma’ana. A bangaren karin harshen rukuni kuwa, Mathews
(1977:344) ya bayyana cewa “nau’in Magana ne, wanda ya daganci wani nau’in
al’umma ko rukuni wata tawaya ɗaya a cikin al’umma.
Fagge (2001) ya yi nazarin karin harshen Hausa
na rukuni, ind ya kawo Hausar da ta shafi rukunin al’umma daban-daban wadda ta
haɗa da Hausa ‘yan
siyasa da Hausar gardawa da Hausar ‘yan ƙadiriya ‘yan
motocin haya da Hausar ‘yan acaba.Baya da ƙare ya kawo Hausar
makanikai da Hausar ƙungiyoyin addini da Hausar ‘yan mata dai-dai sauransu.
Yakasai(2002), shi
ne ya kawo irin wannan Hausa ta rukuni wadda ta ƙunshi Hausar
kasuwanci da Hausar sarakuna da Hausar malamai da Hausar Dattijai da Hausar
matan Aure da Hausar Gidan magajiya da kuma Hausar wurin zaman makoki.
2.3 KARIN HARSHE HAUSA NA RUKUNI
Karin karshen na rukuni, karin harshe ne wanda
ya danganci bambanci Magana da ake samu a dalilin matsayi ko aji ko rukuni ko
shekaru ko muƙami ko jinsi ko addini ko ilimi ko kuma tarayyar aiki
iri ɗaya (a irin wannan
yanayi ne ake samun kalmomin fannin, da suka keɓanta ga wani ciki ko ma’aikata).
Wannan nau’in karin
harshe ya sha bambn da karin harshe na yanki domin ana iya samunsa a cikin al’umma
ko tsakanin mutanen da suke da tarayya daya daga cikin abubuwan da muka ambata
a baya na shekaru ko matsayi ko aji ko ilimi ko jinsi aiki ko muƙami.
Bambancin da ake
samu a irin wannan karin harshe na rukuni bai yi yawan karin harshe na yanki
ba, domin shi wannan ya fi shafar kalmomi ne da (yan guntayen jimloli waɗanda rukunnin
al’umma da ke amfani da su, sun fi saukin fahimta saƙon
da suka ƙunsa.
2.4 KARIN HARSHE DA YA DANGANCI ZAMANTAKEWA KO
MATSAYI
Akwai hanyoyi masu yawa na sarrafa harshen
Hausa daga wuraren Hausawa, wato kenan yadda wannan yake amfani da shi, Amma fa
a kula da cewa a nan ana Magana ne a kan yadda wadanda suke a wuri daya(unguwa
/gida /ma’aikata da sauransu), suke amfani da wasu hanyoyi na daban don isar da
saƙonni a tsakanin su, wanda irin haka a kan haifar da
sanar da wata hanya ta sadarwa wadda ta keɓantu ga wani rukuni na jama’a, wanda idan
har baka shafi wannan rukuninba to ba lalle ne ka fahimci ma’anar zancen da
suke yi.Don kuwa kalmomin da ake amfani da su kalmoni ne na harshe waɗanda an san su, sai
dai kawai sauyawar ma’anar da suke samu a cikin sabon muhalli ko yana yin da
suka samu kansu,waɗanda takan kasance
idan mutum baya cikin wannan rukunin ba zai fahimci ma’anar ko sakon da ake son
isarwa ba.
Karin harshe na
matsayi yana da faɗin gaske don kuwa a
kan samu wasu ‘yan bambance-bambance a tsakanin maza da mata ko sarki da
talaka, malami da jahili da ɗan makaranta da wanda baɗan makarantaba.kai hatta a cikin
ire-iren kalmomin da masu haƙar zinari ke amfani da su ana samun
‘yan bambance-bambance.
Harshen Hausa yana da fadi da yalwa ta yadda
har ya kai ga samai da kare-karensa masu daman gaske.Har wayau kuma, wannan
yalwar tasa ita ce ta kai ga haifar da na’o’in Hausa daban-daban. A nana bin
nufi da nau’o’in Hausa shi ne irin yadda ake samun rukunan jama’a a harshen
Hausa. Amma sai a iske kowane rukuni yana da nasa nau’in kalmomin da yake
amfani da su wajen tasa Hausar.Wannan shi ne ya sa ake jin irin kalmomin da ake
furtawa a Hausa rukunin ‘yan tashar sun bambanta da kalmomin da ake amfani da
su a Hausar rukunin malaman zaure.Haka kuma Hausar ‘yankasuwa, kalmomin da za’a
ji ana furtawa a cikinta, sun bambanta da kalmomin da za ka ji ana furtawa a
rukunin Hausar masu haƙar zinari.Domin kowa ne rukunin jama’a da nasa kalmomin
fannu, da yake amfani da su, a sadarwarsa ta yau da kullum.
Saboda haka da zarak mutum ya ji ana Magana da
Hausa ko ya karanta Hausa ta kowa ce fuska,to kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su
ne za su iya jagora a fahimci irin rukunin jama’a da maganar ko rubutun ya
shafa.Ga misali,da jin ance “ranka ya dade” za ka wannan nau’in Hausar fadar
sarakuna ce.
To ashe idan haka ne,ana iya cewa ko wane
rukuni jama’a yana da nasa kalmomin fannu.Waɗanda suka keɓanta da shi kaɗai, a harshen Hausa.
kuma wani rukunin jama’a ba ya yin tarayya da wani dangane da kalmomin fannun
su ne suke fayyace wa mai saurare ko mai karatu rukunin da Magana yake ko wanda
yake Magana a kai. A nan za a kawo wasu daga cikin rukunnonin jama’a tare da
yin nazarin irin Hausarsu,Sannan a baya da misalan kalmomin fannu da suka
danganci kowane fanni.
3.0
MATSAYIN MASU HAƘAR ZINARI GA AL’UMMAR HAUSAWA
Zinare na ɗaya daga cikin kayayyakin da suke da daraja
a ko ina a duniya. Hakan ya sanya duk kasar da take da aikinsa to ba karamar
albarka ta dace da ita ba. Domin hakan ya sa mafi yawan masu hakar zinare
matasan Hausawa suke,wannan sana’a domin al’adar malam bahaushe bai yarda ya
zauna hakanan ba,babu sana’a don haka mafi yawan matasan Hausawa suke wannan
sana’ar ta hakar zinare, don shi bahaushe bai yarda da zaman banza ba,wato
zaman kasha wando. Matsayin wannan sana’a a gare su domin neman abin da za’a
kare kai da shi,wato domin neman abin da akaci.
3.1 ABUBUWAN DA SUKE HAIFAR DA HAUSAR MASU HAƘAR ZINARE
Haɗuwar al’umma wuri ɗaya, na cikin
muhimman abubuwan da suka haifar da Hausar masu haƙar
zinare.Musamman saboda bambancin kabila ko addini wannan ya sa dole uwar na ki,
ake samun karin karshe buroka a tsakanin masu haƙar zinari. Saboda
haka ba’a bin mamaki ba ne a sami ƙirƙirar
sabon kalmomin ma’abuta masu haƙar zinare, ke iya
fahimtar abin da ake nufi.
3.2 MATSAYIN HAUSAR MASU HAƘAR ZINARE GA DAIDAITACCIYAR HAUSA
Hausar masu haƙar zinare karin
harshen Hausa na rukuni ne, kuma karin harshen Hausa na rukuni mataki ne na
biyu cikin raben-raben karin harshen Hausa. Dalilin mu a nan shi ne, Hausar
masu haƙar zinari yanayi ne na samar da sababbin kalmomi da
sarrafa harshe wanda ya bambanta da yadda masu rukunoni na al’umma ke amfani da
harshen Hausa, sai dai kamar kullum ana samun fahimta tsakanin su.
Matsayin Hausar masu haƙar
zinare a cikin harshen Hausa, shi ne karin harshe ne da wasu keɓaɓɓun rukunin jama’a
ke amfani da shi a cikin al’umma Hausawa.Wannan ya samu sanadiyar zamani kuma
ya samu gidan zama a cikin harshen hausa, saboda kasancewar wasu rukunin jama’a
na riƙa jefa ire-iren kalmomi ko jimlolin haƙar
zinare, musamman yayin da ake Magana ko zantawa. Har ila yau, wannan karin
harshe ya bada gudummuwa wajen bunƙasa harshen Hausa,
wato dai Hausar masu haƙar zinare ta taimaka wajen haɓaka Hausa. Musamman
saboda sauye-sauyen da ta haddasa a cikin Hausa.
A takaice, muna iya
cewa harshen Hausa ya amfana ta Hausar masu haƙar zinare, ta
fuskar kari da ake samu na nau’o’in Hausar rukuni, da haɓakar kalmomi da
jimlolin Hausa da dama.
3.3 TASIRIN HAUSAR MASU HAƘAR ZINARE
Wannan Kalmar tasiri tana nufin alfano Hausar
masu haƙar zinari ta yi tasiri garesu saboda suna gudanar da
maganganu tsakaninsa sa wanda ke cikin su ka dai ke fahimtar abin da suke faɗa. Kenan Hausar
masu haƙar zinari tana taimaka masu wajen yin saje a
tsakaninsu.
Wannan Hausar masu haƙar
zinari ta taimaka wajen ƙara samar da sababbin kalmomi da jimlolin Hausa tare da
fahimtar ma’anar su. Hausar masu haƙar zinari ta taimaka
wajen haɓaka karin harshen
Hausa na rukuni.
3.4 HAUSAR MASU HAƘAR ZINARI
Hausar masu hakar zinari, wata Hausa ce ta
daban wadda kalmominta da jimlolinta suka bambanta da sauran rukunin
jama’a.Hausar ta ƙunshi fassarar wasu kalmomi da jimloli da sunaye kai
tsaye tare da kirkirar sababbin wasu kalmomi akan hikima da wasu jimloli. Daga
cikin irin nau’in wannan Hausa ta rukuni ce ake samun irin waɗannan ƙirƙirarran
kalmomi da kuma jimloli kamar haka:
S/N |
KALMOMI/ JIMLOLI/ YANKIN JIMLA |
MA’ANA |
1 |
Alila mugani |
Na nufin akwai
sauran aiki |
2 |
Ana cazawa |
Yana nufin akwai
zinari |
3 |
barde |
Gwanin aiki |
4 |
Taget ne |
Na nufin sirri ne |
5 |
Buskuɗu |
Kwallin kura |
6 |
Kwakyara |
Aikin banza |
7 |
Burkwa |
Bashin mutunci |
8 |
Bosoruwa |
Girar da ba ta da
zinari |
9 |
Takaima |
Ina gaisheka |
10 |
Na sata |
Na wuce |
11 |
Sai ana ga ikoko |
Sai gari ya waye |
12 |
Darne |
Lafiya lau |
13 |
Kasura ce |
Ka huta |
14 |
Fanka |
Aiki |
15 |
Cilli |
Rame |
16 |
Suwaga |
Karamin rame |
17 |
Falo |
ƙaton
rame |
18 |
Gira |
Tsakuwa |
19 |
Busami |
Roko |
20 |
Ruwa-ruwa |
Babban kasha |
21 |
Kwacilo |
Kala |
22 |
Hannun Wani |
Abin da ake zuba
ruwa |
23 |
Bankiya |
Ganye |
24 |
Allah wanye |
Alheri |
25 |
Kwankwan |
Kwanon sarki |
26 |
Lanyo |
Narkakkar zinari |
27 |
Rikikiya |
Rigima |
28 |
Kyawu |
Wahala |
29 |
Dafan dai |
Yan ci ka cire |
30 |
Iya wuya |
Ariƙe
Allah wahala ta ƙare |
31 |
Gargai |
Baƙaƙen
duwatsu ƙanana |
32 |
Cofa |
Sheburi |
33 |
Jirgi |
Falankin katako |
34 |
‘Yan Balak market |
Masu sayen zinari
a gari |
35 |
Dana |
Tasar silba |
36 |
Makari |
Abinci |
37 |
Kafet |
ƙyalen
da suke shimfidawa wajen wanki zinari |
38 |
Benci ɗaya |
Gaba ɗaya |
39 |
Wane ya biye biri |
Wato idan mutum
ya samu zinari |
40 |
Loto |
Su ne hanyoyin da
suke bi a ƙarƙashin ƙasa
ana neman zinari |
41 |
Bokiti |
Guga |
SAKAMAKON BINCIKE
Hausar masu haƙar zinari, na ɗaya daga cikin
nau’o’in karin harshe na Hausar rukuni da aka tattauna a baya. Binciken ya gano
irin rawar da hausar masu haƙar zinari ke takawa wajen samar da
sababbon kalmomi da jimloli a harshen Hausa. Wannan Bincike ya bayyana irin
gudumawar da Hausar masu haƙar zinari wajen haɓaka karin harshe na
rukuni. Wannan sakamakon binciken ya sa mun gano irin wasu kalmomin su waɗanda suke amfani
dasu na junansu.
KAMMALAWA
Wannan binciken an gudanar da shi a kan
nazarin Hausar masu haƙar zinari,binciken ya yi koƙarin
da kalmomin da kuma jimlolin da masu haƙar zinari ke amfani
da su a zantukansu na yau da kullum. Baya ga haka an yi nagartattun hanyoyin da
aka bi wajen gudanar da waɗannan aiki. Wanda suka hada da hira da masu ruwa da
tsaki a wannan haƙar, da amfani da littafai da Makalu.Baya ga wannan an
kawo sakamakon bincike da kamalawa da Manazarta.
MANAZARTA
Tijjani M
Salihu(2012).sakace a kan karin harshen Hausa, Typecet & Published
ABSUR Comprint F.C.E Kano.
Ahmad Bello, mni
(2020), daidaitacciyar Hausa da kare karin harshe Hausa.
Published and printed by A.B.U press l.t.d
Zaria
Yakubu M.M (2019),
ilimin Harsuna Ahmadu Bello University Press L.t.d
A.B muktar (2017).
Hausa da Karorinta
Salisu Ahmad
yakasai (2020).Jagoran ilimin walwalar Harshe
Sani, M.A.Z (2019).
Siffofin Daidaitacciyar Hausa, kano: Benchmark publisher
Limited
Zarruk da wasu
(1990). Sabuwar hanyar nazarin Hausa, Ibadan University press
Wadanda aka yi hira da su
Malam Bashir Sani
danshekara 33, Ranar Alhamis 19/10/2023
Zaharadden Lawali Kura, Danshekara 3o, ranar litanin 23/10/2023
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