Karin Harshe Na Rukuni: Nazarin Hausar Masu Hakar Zinari

 Takardar ƙara wa juna sani da aka gabatar a ajin ALH 400: Seminars, a Sashen Nazarin Harsuna Da Al’adu, Jami’ar Tarayya Gusau, Nijeriya, (2022/2023 Academic Session).

Karin Harshe Na Rukuni: Nazarin Hausar Masu Hakar Zinari

Daga

ALI AKILU ABDULLAHI

KIBDAU: aliakilu02@gmail.com

PHONE NUMBER: 08069092627

TSAKURE

Baya ga karin harshen Hausa da ake samu a yankuna daban-daban na ƙasar Hausa, haka ma ana samun ƙarin haske na rukunin al’umma daban-daban. karin harshe na rukuni kan samu ne, ko dai dalilin matsayi ko mukami ko aiki ko jinsi ko ilimi ko addini ko shekaru. Wannan Bincike ya ta’allaƙa a kan Hausar masu haƙar zinari suke amfani da su, ta hanyar ba su ma’anonin da suka bambanta da maganar yau da kullum. Maƙasudin wannan binciken shi ne domin nazartar wasu ma’anoni kalmomi da jimloli. Kuma domin bunƙasa Hausar rukuni da kuma habaka harshen masu haƙar zinari, Hausa a matsayin wani nau’in karin harshe na rukuni. An yi amfani da tattaunawa a matsayin babbar hanyar tattara bayanai. A bisa haka ne aka yi hira da masu haƙar zinari. Sannan kuma an yi amfani da bugaggun litattafai. Fitilun Kalmomi sun haɗa da Harshe, karin Harshe da kuma zinari.

GABATARWA

Karin harshe wani ɓangare ne na ilimin walwalar harshe a cikin kimiyar harshe. Karin harshe ya danganci bambancin da ake samu na Magana a cikin harshe ɗaya, wanda bai kai ga hanyar da rashin fahimta kwata-kwata ba tsakanin masu Magana da harshen, sai dai ga waɗanda na ‘yan rukunin da ake anfani dashi ba. Ana iya nazarin karin harshe ko ta ɓangaren yanki ko rukuni. Karin harshen yanki ya danganci ‘yan bambancin da ake samu a cikin harshe dalilin yanki ko wuri da al’umma suke zaune. Yanki na iya haifar da nau’in bambanci Magana a cikin al’umma masu harshe ɗaya, wanda shi ne ake kira karin harshe na yanki ko nahiya.

 Wannan nau’in karin harshe, shi ne karin harshe na rukuni. Karin Harshe na rukuni shi ne wanda ake samu dalilin alaka ta rukuni a cikin al’umma. Alaka karin harshe na rukuni na iya kasancewa ko dai shekaru ko matsayi ko umurni ko addinin ko jinsi ko aiki ko mukami.Wannan rukunin shi ma yakan haifar da nau’in Magana daban-daban, dai-dai da rukunan da muka anbata a sama

1.1              DABARUN GUDANAR DA BINCIKE

Ƙadarar Nauman Bincike ya taƙaita ne ga masu Hausar haƙar zinari. An tattara bayanan majiya ta farko (Primary source) wato ta hanyar hira da Hausawan da ke gudanar da wannan aiki na haƙar zinari, domin samun bayanai daga tushe. Sai hanyar ta biyu da aka samu

Bayanai, wato majiya ta biyu (Secondary source) sun hada da bugaggun littafai da mukain. Duk waɗannan sun taimaka wajen share hanya da ƙarin haske tare da yin jagoranci wajen fayyace muhimman batutuwa da suka shafi binciken.

1.0              WAIWAYE A KAN MA’ANAR KARIN HARSHE

Masana da dama sun bayar da ma’anar karin harshe da kuma nau’insa. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan masanan su ne

Skinner (1977:6). A cikin kundin digiri na farko mai ta ken tasirin Karen Harshen garewanci a kan katsinanci a garin faskari, ‘’ya kalli harshe a matsayin wani nau’in Magana a cikin harshe ɗaya, wanda ba shi ne ainahin harshen ba’’.

Zaruk da Wasu (1990). A cikin littafin daidaitacciyar Hausa, sun kawo ma’anar karin harshe kamar haka

“wasu ‘yan bambancen-bambancen lafazi na kalmomi da jimloli, tsakanin yukunin al’umma ko shiyoyin ƙasar mai harshe ɗaya.

Sani (2009 :02) ya kawo Ma’anar karin harshe a matsayin nau’in ne daga cikin nau’in harshe na al’umma.

Sani (2003) “karin harshe wani nau’ine na harshe na sadarwa guda ɗaya da al’umma suka amfani da shi, amma ko wace al’umma nata daban, sai dai sukan gane wa junansu.

Amfani (1993:02) ya bayyana “Nazarin karin harshe (dielectotogy) a matsayin nazari yana yin Magana na harshe mutane ɗaya, waɗanda ke fahimtar juna suna da alaƙar hulɗar ta Magana.

Karin harshe ke nan yana nufin bambancin Magana da ake samu tsakanin mutane masu harshe ɗaya wanda bai isa ya haifar da rashin fahimta tsakanin su ba. Duk daya bunƙasa yana iya samun karin harshe a cikinsa.

1.1              NAU’O’IN KARIN HARSHEN HAUSA

Karin harshe a Hausa yana da nau’o’in guda biyu waɗannan kuwa kamar yadda malamai suka bayyana su ne, karin harshe na yanki da kuma karin harshe na rukuni.

 Karin harshe na yanki shi ne wanda ake samu dalilin wurin zama ko yanki da al’umma suka fito. A irin wannan hali yanki ko wurin zama yana iya haifar da nau’in Magana daban ga al’umma.

A Hausa kuwa akwai kare-karen harshe na yanki kamar yadda Beergery (1934) Ahmad da Daura (1970), Liman (1978)/Malka (1978), Amfani (1980-1993) zaria (1992), Sani (2003) suka bayyana wadanda suka hada da/Kananci, sakkwatanci/Darkanci/Zazzaganci/Bausanci/Zamfaranci/Adaranci/Damagaranci/Gobiranci/Canyanci/Kurfayanci.Wadannan kare-karen harshe kuwa ana samun sune a yanki arewacin Nageriya da Arewacin Jamhuriyar nijar.

Wasu daga cikin malaman sun rarraba su a matsayin na harshen gabas da yamma ko manya da ƙanana ya yin da wasu suka kale su bisa tsarin tarihin bayajidda.

 Ana iya ganin bambancin karin harshe tun daga ilimin faruci har ga ilimin ma’ana. A bangaren karin harshen rukuni kuwa, Mathews (1977:344) ya bayyana cewa “nau’in Magana ne, wanda ya daganci wani nau’in al’umma ko rukuni wata tawaya ɗaya a cikin al’umma.

 Fagge (2001) ya yi nazarin karin harshen Hausa na rukuni, ind ya kawo Hausar da ta shafi rukunin al’umma daban-daban wadda ta haɗa da Hausa ‘yan siyasa da Hausar gardawa da Hausar ‘yan ƙadiriya ‘yan motocin haya da Hausar ‘yan acaba.Baya da ƙare ya kawo Hausar makanikai da Hausar ƙungiyoyin addini da Hausar ‘yan mata dai-dai sauransu.

Yakasai(2002), shi ne ya kawo irin wannan Hausa ta rukuni wadda ta ƙunshi Hausar kasuwanci da Hausar sarakuna da Hausar malamai da Hausar Dattijai da Hausar matan Aure da Hausar Gidan magajiya da kuma Hausar wurin zaman makoki.

2.3 KARIN HARSHE HAUSA NA RUKUNI

 Karin karshen na rukuni, karin harshe ne wanda ya danganci bambanci Magana da ake samu a dalilin matsayi ko aji ko rukuni ko shekaru ko muƙami ko jinsi ko addini ko ilimi ko kuma tarayyar aiki iri ɗaya (a irin wannan yanayi ne ake samun kalmomin fannin, da suka keɓanta ga wani ciki ko ma’aikata).

Wannan nau’in karin harshe ya sha bambn da karin harshe na yanki domin ana iya samunsa a cikin al’umma ko tsakanin mutanen da suke da tarayya daya daga cikin abubuwan da muka ambata a baya na shekaru ko matsayi ko aji ko ilimi ko jinsi aiki ko muƙami.

Bambancin da ake samu a irin wannan karin harshe na rukuni bai yi yawan karin harshe na yanki ba, domin shi wannan ya fi shafar kalmomi ne da (yan guntayen jimloli waɗanda rukunnin al’umma da ke amfani da su, sun fi saukin fahimta saƙon da suka ƙunsa.

2.4 KARIN HARSHE DA YA DANGANCI ZAMANTAKEWA KO MATSAYI

 Akwai hanyoyi masu yawa na sarrafa harshen Hausa daga wuraren Hausawa, wato kenan yadda wannan yake amfani da shi, Amma fa a kula da cewa a nan ana Magana ne a kan yadda wadanda suke a wuri daya(unguwa /gida /ma’aikata da sauransu), suke amfani da wasu hanyoyi na daban don isar da saƙonni a tsakanin su, wanda irin haka a kan haifar da sanar da wata hanya ta sadarwa wadda ta keɓantu ga wani rukuni na jama’a, wanda idan har baka shafi wannan rukuninba to ba lalle ne ka fahimci ma’anar zancen da suke yi.Don kuwa kalmomin da ake amfani da su kalmoni ne na harshe waɗanda an san su, sai dai kawai sauyawar ma’anar da suke samu a cikin sabon muhalli ko yana yin da suka samu kansu,waɗanda takan kasance idan mutum baya cikin wannan rukunin ba zai fahimci ma’anar ko sakon da ake son isarwa ba.

Karin harshe na matsayi yana da faɗin gaske don kuwa a kan samu wasu ‘yan bambance-bambance a tsakanin maza da mata ko sarki da talaka, malami da jahili da ɗan makaranta da wanda baɗan makarantaba.kai hatta a cikin ire-iren kalmomin da masu haƙar zinari ke amfani da su ana samun ‘yan bambance-bambance.

 Harshen Hausa yana da fadi da yalwa ta yadda har ya kai ga samai da kare-karensa masu daman gaske.Har wayau kuma, wannan yalwar tasa ita ce ta kai ga haifar da na’o’in Hausa daban-daban. A nana bin nufi da nau’o’in Hausa shi ne irin yadda ake samun rukunan jama’a a harshen Hausa. Amma sai a iske kowane rukuni yana da nasa nau’in kalmomin da yake amfani da su wajen tasa Hausar.Wannan shi ne ya sa ake jin irin kalmomin da ake furtawa a Hausa rukunin ‘yan tashar sun bambanta da kalmomin da ake amfani da su a Hausar rukunin malaman zaure.Haka kuma Hausar ‘yankasuwa, kalmomin da za’a ji ana furtawa a cikinta, sun bambanta da kalmomin da za ka ji ana furtawa a rukunin Hausar masu haƙar zinari.Domin kowa ne rukunin jama’a da nasa kalmomin fannu, da yake amfani da su, a sadarwarsa ta yau da kullum.

 Saboda haka da zarak mutum ya ji ana Magana da Hausa ko ya karanta Hausa ta kowa ce fuska,to kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su ne za su iya jagora a fahimci irin rukunin jama’a da maganar ko rubutun ya shafa.Ga misali,da jin ance “ranka ya dade” za ka wannan nau’in Hausar fadar sarakuna ce.

 To ashe idan haka ne,ana iya cewa ko wane rukuni jama’a yana da nasa kalmomin fannu.Waɗanda suka keɓanta da shi kaɗai, a harshen Hausa. kuma wani rukunin jama’a ba ya yin tarayya da wani dangane da kalmomin fannun su ne suke fayyace wa mai saurare ko mai karatu rukunin da Magana yake ko wanda yake Magana a kai. A nan za a kawo wasu daga cikin rukunnonin jama’a tare da yin nazarin irin Hausarsu,Sannan a baya da misalan kalmomin fannu da suka danganci kowane fanni.

3.0    MATSAYIN MASU HAƘAR ZINARI GA AL’UMMAR HAUSAWA

 Zinare na ɗaya daga cikin kayayyakin da suke da daraja a ko ina a duniya. Hakan ya sanya duk kasar da take da aikinsa to ba karamar albarka ta dace da ita ba. Domin hakan ya sa mafi yawan masu hakar zinare matasan Hausawa suke,wannan sana’a domin al’adar malam bahaushe bai yarda ya zauna hakanan ba,babu sana’a don haka mafi yawan matasan Hausawa suke wannan sana’ar ta hakar zinare, don shi bahaushe bai yarda da zaman banza ba,wato zaman kasha wando. Matsayin wannan sana’a a gare su domin neman abin da za’a kare kai da shi,wato domin neman abin da akaci.

3.1 ABUBUWAN DA SUKE HAIFAR DA HAUSAR MASU HAƘAR ZINARE

 Haɗuwar al’umma wuri ɗaya, na cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka haifar da Hausar masu haƙar zinare.Musamman saboda bambancin kabila ko addini wannan ya sa dole uwar na ki, ake samun karin karshe buroka a tsakanin masu haƙar zinari. Saboda haka ba’a bin mamaki ba ne a sami ƙirƙirar sabon kalmomin ma’abuta masu haƙar zinare, ke iya fahimtar abin da ake nufi.

3.2 MATSAYIN HAUSAR MASU HAƘAR ZINARE GA DAIDAITACCIYAR HAUSA

 Hausar masu haƙar zinare karin harshen Hausa na rukuni ne, kuma karin harshen Hausa na rukuni mataki ne na biyu cikin raben-raben karin harshen Hausa. Dalilin mu a nan shi ne, Hausar masu haƙar zinari yanayi ne na samar da sababbin kalmomi da sarrafa harshe wanda ya bambanta da yadda masu rukunoni na al’umma ke amfani da harshen Hausa, sai dai kamar kullum ana samun fahimta tsakanin su.

 Matsayin Hausar masu haƙar zinare a cikin harshen Hausa, shi ne karin harshe ne da wasu keɓaɓɓun rukunin jama’a ke amfani da shi a cikin al’umma Hausawa.Wannan ya samu sanadiyar zamani kuma ya samu gidan zama a cikin harshen hausa, saboda kasancewar wasu rukunin jama’a na riƙa jefa ire-iren kalmomi ko jimlolin haƙar zinare, musamman yayin da ake Magana ko zantawa. Har ila yau, wannan karin harshe ya bada gudummuwa wajen bunƙasa harshen Hausa, wato dai Hausar masu haƙar zinare ta taimaka wajen haɓaka Hausa. Musamman saboda sauye-sauyen da ta haddasa a cikin Hausa.

A takaice, muna iya cewa harshen Hausa ya amfana ta Hausar masu haƙar zinare, ta fuskar kari da ake samu na nau’o’in Hausar rukuni, da haɓakar kalmomi da jimlolin Hausa da dama.

3.3 TASIRIN HAUSAR MASU HAƘAR ZINARE

 Wannan Kalmar tasiri tana nufin alfano Hausar masu haƙar zinari ta yi tasiri garesu saboda suna gudanar da maganganu tsakaninsa sa wanda ke cikin su ka dai ke fahimtar abin da suke faɗa. Kenan Hausar masu haƙar zinari tana taimaka masu wajen yin saje a tsakaninsu.

 Wannan Hausar masu haƙar zinari ta taimaka wajen ƙara samar da sababbin kalmomi da jimlolin Hausa tare da fahimtar ma’anar su. Hausar masu haƙar zinari ta taimaka wajen haɓaka karin harshen Hausa na rukuni.

3.4 HAUSAR MASU HAƘAR ZINARI

 Hausar masu hakar zinari, wata Hausa ce ta daban wadda kalmominta da jimlolinta suka bambanta da sauran rukunin jama’a.Hausar ta ƙunshi fassarar wasu kalmomi da jimloli da sunaye kai tsaye tare da kirkirar sababbin wasu kalmomi akan hikima da wasu jimloli. Daga cikin irin nau’in wannan Hausa ta rukuni ce ake samun irin waɗannan ƙirƙirarran kalmomi da kuma jimloli kamar haka:

S/N	KALMOMI/ JIMLOLI/ YANKIN  JIMLA	MA’ANA
1	Alila mugani	Na nufin akwai sauran aiki
2	Ana cazawa	Yana nufin akwai zinari
3	barde	Gwanin aiki
4	Taget ne	Na nufin sirri ne
5	Buskuɗu	Kwallin kura
6	Kwakyara	Aikin banza
7	Burkwa	Bashin mutunci
8	Bosoruwa	Girar da ba ta da zinari
9	Takaima	Ina gaisheka
10	Na sata	Na wuce
11	Sai ana ga ikoko	Sai gari ya waye
12	Darne	Lafiya lau
13	Kasura ce	Ka huta
14	Fanka	Aiki
15	Cilli	Rame
16	Suwaga	Karamin rame
17	Falo	ƙaton rame
18	Gira	Tsakuwa
19	Busami	Roko
20	Ruwa-ruwa	Babban kasha
21	Kwacilo	Kala
22	Hannun Wani	Abin da ake zuba ruwa
23	Bankiya	Ganye
24	Allah wanye	Alheri
25	Kwankwan	Kwanon sarki
26	Lanyo	Narkakkar zinari
27	Rikikiya	Rigima
28	Kyawu	Wahala
29	Dafan dai	Yan ci ka cire
30	Iya wuya	Ariƙe Allah wahala ta ƙare
31	Gargai	Baƙaƙen duwatsu ƙanana
32	Cofa	Sheburi
33	Jirgi	Falankin katako
34	‘Yan Balak market	Masu sayen zinari a gari
35	Dana	Tasar silba
36	Makari	Abinci
37	Kafet	ƙyalen da suke shimfidawa  wajen wanki zinari
38	Benci ɗaya	Gaba ɗaya
39	Wane ya biye biri	Wato idan mutum ya samu zinari
40	Loto	Su ne hanyoyin da suke bi a ƙarƙashin ƙasa ana neman zinari
41	Bokiti	Guga

 

SAKAMAKON BINCIKE

 Hausar masu haƙar zinari, na ɗaya daga cikin nau’o’in karin harshe na Hausar rukuni da aka tattauna a baya. Binciken ya gano irin rawar da hausar masu haƙar zinari ke takawa wajen samar da sababbon kalmomi da jimloli a harshen Hausa. Wannan Bincike ya bayyana irin gudumawar da Hausar masu haƙar zinari wajen haɓaka karin harshe na rukuni. Wannan sakamakon binciken ya sa mun gano irin wasu kalmomin su waɗanda suke amfani dasu na junansu.

 KAMMALAWA

 Wannan binciken an gudanar da shi a kan nazarin Hausar masu haƙar zinari,binciken ya yi koƙarin da kalmomin da kuma jimlolin da masu haƙar zinari ke amfani da su a zantukansu na yau da kullum. Baya ga haka an yi nagartattun hanyoyin da aka bi wajen gudanar da waɗannan aiki. Wanda suka hada da hira da masu ruwa da tsaki a wannan haƙar, da amfani da littafai da Makalu.Baya ga wannan an kawo sakamakon bincike da kamalawa da Manazarta.

MANAZARTA

Tijjani M Salihu(2012).sakace a kan karin harshen Hausa, Typecet & Published

 ABSUR Comprint F.C.E Kano.

Ahmad Bello, mni (2020), daidaitacciyar Hausa da kare karin harshe Hausa.

 Published and printed by A.B.U press l.t.d Zaria

Yakubu M.M (2019), ilimin Harsuna Ahmadu Bello University Press L.t.d

A.B muktar (2017). Hausa da Karorinta

Salisu Ahmad yakasai (2020).Jagoran ilimin walwalar Harshe

Sani, M.A.Z (2019). Siffofin Daidaitacciyar Hausa, kano: Benchmark publisher

 Limited

Zarruk da wasu (1990). Sabuwar hanyar nazarin Hausa, Ibadan University press

 Wadanda aka yi hira da su

Malam Bashir Sani danshekara 33, Ranar Alhamis 19/10/2023

Zaharadden Lawali Kura, Danshekara 3o, ranar litanin 23/10/2023