Takardar ƙara wa juna sani da aka gabatar a ajin ALH 400: Seminars, a Sashen Nazarin Harsuna Da Al’adu, Jami’ar Tarayya Gusau, Nijeriya, (2022/2023 Academic Session).
Nazari A Kan
Takidin Wasu Wakokin Makadan Baka
Zainab Sani
Phone NO.:
08167422252
Mail:
zainabsani781@gmail.com
TSAKURE
Wannan maƙala
ta maida hankali kan Nazari Takidin Waɗansu Waƙoƙin
Makaɗan Baka. Wannan
bincike an gina shi ne kan tsarin bayani na ƙwaƙƙwafi
da ƙalailaice batutuwa da aka nazarta (descriptive survey).
Wasu daga cikin bayanan da aka yi anfani da su sun kasance ƙarƙashin
rukunnai da aka samu daga majiya ta farko (primary source). Tussan bayanai da
aka yi amfani da su a wannan majiya sun haɗa da odiyo (audio) da bidiyon (video) wasu
daga cikin waƙoƙin baka. Kuma wasu bayanan an samo su ne daga majiya ta
biyu (secondary source). Tussan bayanan da aka yi amfani da su a wannan majiya
su ne bugaggun littattafai. Wannan bincike ya gano cewa makaɗan baka suna yin
takidi ne domin ƙarfafa ƙarfin ma’ana,
ko jadda ƙaramin saƙo domin ƙara
fito da muhimmancinsa, ko ƙara ƙwalƙwale
ainihin ruhin abu da girmamawa ko yin hutu da numfasawa, musamman a lokacin da
zaren tunanin makaɗi ya sarƙe
masa.
Fitilun Kalmomi: Waƙoƙi;
Makaɗa; Makaɗan Baka; Takidi.
1.0 GABATARWA
Makaɗan baka na Hausa
suna amfani da dabaru daban-daban wajen rera ɗiya a waƙoƙin
suna baka. Sannan kuma kowane rukuni na makaɗan baka na Hausa da hanyar da suke bi daga
cikin dabarun domin isar da wani muhimmin saƙo. Daga cikin waɗannan dabarun akwai
“takidi”.
kalmar “takidi”
kalma ce ararriya -kamar yadda za mu gani- wadda ta samu gindin zama a harshen
Hausa kuma Hausawa suke amfani da ita a wajen harkokinsu na yau da kullun.
Masana awon baka a
nazarin adabin baka sun lura da yadda makaɗan baka sukan maimaita wata saɗara a lokacin gudanar
da aikinsu domin ƙarfafa wani al'amari da suke son ƙara
jawo hankalin masu sauraro. Wannan shi ne ya sa manazarta maida hankalisu wurin
nazartar wannan takidi. A muhallin ilimi Kalmar na da ma’ana ta musamman tare
da waɗansu siffofi da
nau’uka da matakai. Takidi na buƙatar bayanai irin
na ilimi da fasaha musamman saboda yadda lamurransa keda sarƙaƙiya
da buƙatar warwarewa.
Kasancewar nazarin
Takidi abu ne wanda bai daɗe ba, wannan takarda ta warware zare da abawa a kansa.
A bisa wannan ƙuduri ne aka gina wannan bincike domin gano dalilin da
ke sa a yi Takidi, da kuma gano waɗanda suke Takidi da kuma wuraren da ake yin
sa a waƙar baka.
1.1 DABARUN GUDANAR DA BINCIKE
Wannan bincike an
gina shi ne kan tsarin bayani na ƙwaƙƙwafi
da kalailaice batutuwa da aka nazarta (descriptive survey). Wasu daga cikin
bayanan da aka yi anfani da su sun kasance ƙarƙashin
rukunnai da aka samu daga majiya ta farko (primary source), Tussan bayanai da
aka yi amfani da su a wannan majiya sun haɗa da odiyo (audio) da bidiyon (video) wasu
daga cikin wakokin baka.
Kuma wasu bayanan
an samo su ne daga majiya ta biyu wato (secondary source). Tussan bayanan da
aka yi amfani da su a wannan majiya sun hada da bugaggun littattafai da diwalai
na wasu daga cikin makaɗan baka.
Wannan takarda ta
yi nazari a kan takidin wakokin Dr. Alh. Mamman Shata, Alh. Musa Ɗankwairo
da Alh. Sani Aliyu Ɗandawo, da Alh. Sa'idu Faru.
Bayanan da aka
tattara daga waɗannan tussah sun
taimaka wajen haskaka muhimman batutuwa da aka nazarta daidai da jagorancin hanyar
da aka ɗora aikin. Daga
karshe kuma an ƙalailaice tare ƙwanƙwance
(comparison of information) da fitar da sakayayyun bayanai ta la’akari
da dalilai/abubuwan kamawa manya da ƙanana.
1.2 RA’IN BINCIKE
An gina wannan
bincike ne a bisa ra’in Gusau, (2015 p. 23) wanda yake cewa mazhabar waƙar
baka Bahaushiya ta fi raja’a ne da ba da ƙarfi
wajen bayyana tarihi da asali da salsalar waƙar baka ta Hausa da
zurfafa bayani kan turke da ayana tubanin ginin turke da yana yin sassarkuwa
adabi da al’adu a waƙar baka da nazarin
awon baka da adon harshe da kuma aiwatar da harshe.
2.0 WAIWAYE A KAN MA’ANAR TAKIDI
Takidi asalin
Kalmar balarabiyar kalma ce Hausawa suka aro daga Kalmar larabci wadda larabawa
ke kira “taukidi” (توكيد) wadda Hausawa suka yi wa kwaskwarima domin
ta dace da tsarin ginin kalmomin Hausa. Ma’anarta shi ne karfafawa.
Takidi shi ne
maimaita abu domin ƙara ƙarfafa shi Gusau, (2003 p. 44). Makaɗi ya kan yi amfani
da dabarar takidi inda yake maimaita ko sake rera wani zubin ɗan waka domin wata
manufa ta musamman Gusau, (2003 p. 44). Gusau ya ce:
”Maimai a Magana ta
yau da kullum illa ne, amma azubin wakokin baka dabara ce ta tsari da take kara
kyautata shi” Gusau, (1993 p. 44).
2.1 DALILAN DA KE
SA A YI TAKIDI Akwai
dalilai da yawa da kan sa makaɗi ya jaddada ma’ana a zubin waƙa.
Waɗannan dalilai kuwa
sun haɗa da; ƙarfafa
ƙarfin
ma’ana, ko jadda karamin sako domin ƙara
fito da muhimmancinsa, ko ƙara ƙwalƙwale
ainihin ruhin abu da girmamawa ko nishadi ko yin hutu da numfasawa, musamman a
lokacin da zaren tunanin makaɗi ya sarke masa. Haka kuma makaɗi yakan yi maimai a
ɗan waƙa
don ya daɗa kyautata matakan
Karin murya tare da inganta hawa da saukar saɗaru a ɗa har zuwa gindi Gusau, (2003 p.
45).
2.2 WADANDA SUKE YIN TAKIDI
Jagora yana yin
takidi, haka ma yan’amshi suma suna yin takidi idan a rerawa ta kungiya ce.
Idan kuma arerawa ta kaɗaita ce, wato makaɗan da su kaɗai suke ƙulla
waƙar su ba a yi ma su ƙari, suma suna yin
takidi.
Furucin jagora da
na ‘yan amshi su ke haɗuwa su samar da “ɗa” a waƙoƙin
makaɗan baka. Jagora shi
ke fara ƙulla waƙar shi sai ‘yan amshi su yi masa ƙari.
Furucin jagora da na ‘yan amshi su ake haɗawa a samar da “ɗa” waƙa.
Idan wannan waƙar rerawa ce ta ƙungiya. Idan kuma
ta kaɗaita ce to makaɗan kaɗaita su suke ƙulla
waƙar su ba a ƙara musu. Idan masu
‘ya amshi ne sai dai a amsa musu amma ba a ƙara
musu. Wanda kuma ba a amsa masa ma’ana ba shi da ‘yan
amshi a waƙarsa, shi kaɗai yake ƙulla waƙar
shi ba a ƙara mai kuma ba a amsa mai misali irin su Ibrahim na
Rambada Kurawa, (2023).
2.3 HANYOYIN DA AKE ANFANI DA SU WAJEN
TAKIDI
Akwai hanyoyin da
yawa waɗanda makaɗa suke anfani da su
wajen yin takidi (maimaitawa). Daga cikin waɗannan hanyoyi akwai farkon ɗa ko tsakiya ko a
karshensa, ko ma a maimaita ɗan baki ɗayansa. Haka kuma ana iya yin takidi a
rabin saɗara ko a saɗara ɗaya ko fiye da haka.
Sannan kuma takidi yana iya zama na ƙarɓeɓeniya wato rakiya
inda za a yi ta maimaita wasu kalmomi ba tare da sauyasu ba Gusau,(2003 p. 45).
Sai kuma takidi na bayayyeniya inda ‘yan amshi suke maimaita
duk abin da jagora ya furta a saɗara a matsayin bani in baka.
Ga misalan takidi
daga cikin wasu ɗiya na waƙoƙin
baka
·
Farkon
ɗa
Misali
i. Ƙulli: Gamji Uban yan boko,
Ƙari:
Amadun Amadu mai tawakkali gun Allah,
Jikan mai saje.
Takidin; Ƙulli: Gamji Uban
yan boko,
Ƙari:
Amadun Amadu mai tawakkali gun Allah,
Jikan mai saje,
Sai ba ka nan
maza suka kuri,
Suce maza ne,
In ka taho uban
Ajiya kowa bai motsawa,
Na sarkin
musulmi,
Dan Audu
tsayayyen namiji,
Gindin waƙa: Mai dubun nasara
garnakaki sardauna,
Ba a hauma ka barde shi a wargaigai.
(Wakar Alh. Ɗankwairo
da ya yi wa Sardaunan Sakkwato Alh. Ahmadu Bello).
Wannan nau'in
takidi ne na ƙalƙwale ainahin ruhin abu da girmamawa.
ii. Ƙulli:
Mai kyauta da jikkuna,
Ƙari: Da dawaki da
riguna.
Takidi; ƙulli:
Mai kyauta da jikkuna,
Ƙari: Da dawaki da
riguna,
Jikan
Shehu dan Hassan,
Sardaunan
Firimiya,
Yau kai
adda duniya,
Duk
abin kyauta Allah ya saukake maka,
Don
batun magana,
Sai kwairo mai toho.
Gindin waƙa:
Mai dubun nasara garnakaki Sardauna,
Ba a hau maka barde shi a wargaigai.
(Waƙar
Alh. Ɗankwairo da yay i wa Sardaunan Sakkwato Alh. Ahmadu Bello)..
Shima wannan nau'in
takidi ne na ƙwalƙwale ainihin ruhin abu da girmamawa.
Alh. Musa Ɗankwairo
ya maimaita layuka na farkon ɗan waɗanan waƙoƙin da suka gabata
saboda gwarzantawa da girmamawa ga ainihin Sardauna Bello cewa shi shugaba ne
mai yawan kyauta da ya sami nasara a jagoranci saboda tawakkalinsa ga Allah.
iii. Ƙulli: Dallatun
Zazzau,
Ƙari: In gaisai
tilas na
Takidi; ƙulli:
Dallatun Zazzau,
Ƙari: In gaisai
tilas na,
Ƙulli: Madawaki mu
gaisai,
Ƙari: Don ya kyauta
min.
Gindin waƙa:
Mai dubun nasara garnakaki Sardauna,
Ba a hau maka barde shi a wargaigai.
(Wakar Alh. Ɗankwairo
da ya yi wa Sardaunan Sakkwato Alh. Ahmadu Bello).
Wannan takidi kuwa
ya na ɗaya daga cikin
nau'o'in takidi na jaddada ƙaramin saƙo
domin fitowa da mahimmancinsa.
Acikin gwarzanta
Sardauna, layukan farkon waƙar Alh. Musa Ɗankwairo
ya zo da wani karamin saƙo wato jinjina ga Dallatun Zauzau, kuma sai ya yi
takidinsa domin ƙara jaddada muhimmancin saƙon.
·
Tsakiya
da
Misali
i. Ƙulli:
Daga can birnin katsinan Dikko,
Nazo
Zazzau na huta nan,
Sai Kaduna Shata ya sauka,
Kwantagora ma nan na sauka,
Takidi; ƙulli: Kwantagora ma
nan na sauka
Sai
Ilori Shata ya sauka,
Shagamu Mamman ya sauka,
Kaji mun wuto birnin Badun,
Mun zo Ikko mun huta mun kwan,
Mun koma mun ta yabon Manzon,
Allah sa muga Annabi Muhammadu.
Gindin waka: Na tsaya ga Annabi Muhammadu,
(Dr. Mamman Shata,
begen Annabi).
A tsakiyar layuka na
wannan waƙar ta (Dr.) Alh. Mamman Shata takidi ya zo ne domin yin
hutu da numfasawa, domin ƙulla zaren tunaninsa.
ii. Ƙulli:
Ka kama halinka da kas saba,
Ƙari:
Hassan yi ta ba mu Naira,
Takidi; ƙulli:
ka kama halinka da kas saba
Ƙari:
Hassan yi ta ba mu Naira,
Ƙulli:
Namijin duniya Ciroma na naini,
Kune
gwamnati kune En’e,
Duk
haraka wadda za ayi,
Ƙari
Hassan sai an bide ku,
Takidi; ƙulli:
Namijin duniya ciroma na naini,
Kune
gwamnati kune En’e,
Duk
haraka wadda za ayi,
Ƙari:
Hassan sai an bide ku,
Alhaji
Hassan sai an bide ka,
ƙulli
: Hassan ka zama wandon karhe,
Kai
ba a saka ayi tsaye.
Ƙari:
kuma ba a saka ayi zaune.
Gindin waƙa:
Mai ban tsoro sadauki,
Hassan
dan Shehu Mallam.
(wakar Ɗankwairo ta Ciroman
Katsina).
Shima wannan nau'in takidi ne na ƙwalƙwale
ainihin ruhin abu da girmamawa.
·
Karshen
ɗa
Misali
i. Ƙulli:
Alhaji Musa Dankwairo,
Ga
babbar riga ya ba ka,
Ga
kubta kuma ga alkyabba,
Garawani
kuma ga jar hulla,
Had
da agogo da talkamansu,
Ɗankwairo
ya ba ka tu-tausan,
Daudu
kiɗi da shi da Marafa,
Kowane
ga babbar riga tai,
Mu
biyu sai yaba mu wan-tausan,
Yaran
Dankwairo goma sha uku,
Kowa
riga tai da tu-hadurai naira,
Anka
yi tawtal anka hada,
Kuddin
kwairo da na yara.
Ƙari: Sun zama
hwayib tausan,
Sis
handurai naira.
Takidi; ƙari:
Sun zama hwayib tausan,
Sis
handurai naira.
Gindin waƙa:
Zaki ba a jaka wasa ba,
Sarkin Muri Uban Galadima.
(Wakar Ɗankwairo
ta Sarkin Muri)
Takidi ya zo anan
domin ƙarfafa ƙarfin ma'ana.
ii. Ƙulli:
Alhaji Shamakin Sarkin Daura,
Su ba haushe kuna shan da dinku,
A nan duniya tare da sarki.
Ƙari: ku yi min iso
sai na zo,
Tun da ku ke hwadi baba ya amsa.
Takidi; ƙulli:
ku yi min iso sai na zo,
Tun da ku ke hwadi baba ya amsa.
Gindin waka: Dattijo
mai sawon giwa.
(Wakar Alhaji Sani
Dan Dawu ta Sarkin Daura).
Wannan takidi kuwa
ya na ɗaya daga cikin
nau'o'in takidi na jaddada ƙaramin saƙo
domin fitowa da mahimmancinsa.
iii. Ƙulli:
Na san Yan sarki kasar Tsahe.
Ƙari: Alhaji Musa na
yi cajinsu,
Ƙulli: Awai dogo
akwai gajere,
Dogo dai ga shan hura,
Shi kau gajere ba a hi shi loma ba.
Takidi; ƙulli:
Dogo dai ga shan hura,
Shi kau gajere ba a hi shi loma ba.
Gindin waƙa:
Shirya kayan fada mai gida tsahe,
Ali Dan iro ba ka dauki raini ba.
(Waƙar
Ɗankwairo
ta Yandoton tsafe ).
Wannan shi ne
nau'in takidi na nishaɗantarwa.
Takidin dan waka gaba dayan sa
Misali:
Ƙulli:
mu iske giwa sai zaki,
su
kadai ka gurnani daji,
ƙari:
in mun ishe zakin daura,
mu
koma kano in ishe giwa,
Takidi; ƙulli: mu iske giwa
sai zaki,
Su
kadai ka gurnani daji,
Ƙari: in mun ishe
zakin daura,
Mu koma kano in ishe giwa,
Gindin waƙa: dattijo mai
tsawar giwa,
(Waƙar
Sani Aliyu Ɗandawo ta Sarkin Daura Muhammad Bashar).
ii. Kulli: babu wata kasa mai tarihi,
Kasannan
kama da kasar Daura,
Ƙari: Su ke kira
daurai a zo can,
Ko
wagga tarihin Daura,
Ya san
Bashar baya da haushi.
Takidi; ƙulli : Babu wata
kasa mai tarihi,
Kasannan kama da kasar Daura,
Ƙari: Su ke kira
daurai a zo can
ko wagga tarihin Daura,
Ya san Bashar ba ya da haushi.
Gindin waƙa:
Dattijo mai sayun giwa.
(Wakar Sani Aliyu
Dandawo ta Sarkin Daura Muhammad Bashar).
Shima wannan nau'in
takidi ne na ƙwalƙwale ainihin ruhin abu da girmamawa.
iii. Ƙulli: Alu,
ƙari: Namijin Zuma
mai wuyar cima,
kowa hi ka harbi ya sha kai nai
Takidi; Ƙulli: Alu,
ƙari: Namijin Zuma
mai wuyar cima,
kowa hi ka harbi ya sha kai nai
(wakar Dan kwairo
da ya yi wa Yandoton Tsafe)
Wannan nau'in takidi ne na ƙwalƙwale
ainihin ruhin abu da girmamawa.
iV. Ƙulli:
Ya Allah sakawa na mai daki dan Musa,
Gindin waƙa: Lafiya zaki
Mamman baban galadima dan Musa
Takidi ƙulle: Ya Allah
sakawa na mai daki dan Musa,
Gindin waƙa: Lafiya zaki
Mamman baban galadima dan Musa
(Dr. mamman shata
wakar da ya yi Sarkin Daura Muhammad Bashar)
Ƙulli: Sarari mai
kara gudun doki dan Musa,
Gindin waka: Lafiya zaki mamman baban
galadiman dan Musa
Takidi ƙulle: Fili mai kara
gudun doki dan Musa,
Gindin waka: Lafiya zaki mamman baban
galadiman dan Musa
((Dr.) Alh. Mamman
shata ta Sarkin Daura).
Anan Dr. Mamman
Shata ya yi Takidi nau'i biyu na ɗaya shi ne fito da ma'ana da kuma ƙwalƙwale
ainihin ruhin abu domin gwarzantawa da girmamawa.
·
Rakiya
a matsayin takidi na karbebeniya.
Ƙulli: in wani na
kwana,
Rakiya; ƙari: wani na zaune,
inji Dan’ummu uban kidi,
Ƙulli: in wani na inuwa,
Rakiya; ƙari: wani na rana,
inji Dan’ummu uban kidi,
Ƙulli: in wani ya
samu,
Rakiya; ƙari : wani ya rasa,
ita duniya hakanan take,
Ƙulli: mutun guda
kaga mai riga dubu,
Rakiya; ƙari: mutun dubu
basu da ko kwata,
Ƙulli: mutun guda
kaga mai mato dubu,
Rakiya; ƙari: mutun dubu
basu da basukur,
Ita duniya haka nan take,
Ƙulli: mutun guda
kaga mai jikka dubu,
Rakiya; ƙari: mutun dubu
basu da ko kwobo
Ita duniya haka nan take.
(Waƙar
Sa’idu Faru, ‘farin cikin musulmi’,
ta Muhd Maccido) Gusau, (2009).
Wannan nau'in
takidi ne na ƙarfafa ƙarfin ma'ana.
3.0 SAKAMAKON
BINCIKE
Sakamakon wannan
bincike ya yi daidai da hasashin bincike. Binciken ya nuna muna cewa makaɗan baka wani lokaci
wujen rera waƙoƙin su sukan yi amfani da wata dabara wadda ake kira
takidi (maimaici) domin ƙulla zarin tunaninsu lokacin da ya sarƙe,
nishaɗantarwa, jaddada ƙaramin
saƙo, ƙarfafa ƙarfin
ma'ana da kuma gwarzantawa da girmamawa. Haka kuma ya bayyana muna wuraren da
ake samun takidi a cikin ɗan waƙar
baka kamar haka: a Farkon ɗa; Tsakiyar ɗa; Karshen ɗa; Takidin ɗan waka baki
dayansa; da kuma Takidi na bayeyeniya.
Makaɗan waɗanda suke da ‘yan
amshi kuma suke yi musu karbi ta yin kari da tarbe da rakiya, idan sun gama
rera saɗaru da suka yi na ƙari,
sai sun maimaita rera gindin waƙa. ‘Yan amshi suna
maimaita rera gindi a ƙarshen kowane da a waƙa saboda su nuna
cewa zubin wannan ɗa ɗin ya kare.
Maimaita rera gindin waƙar da suke yi shi ma takidi ne. A dunƙule,
akwai nau’o’in takidi da yawa acikin zubin ɗiyan Waƙoƙin
baka na Hausa.
3.1 KAMMALAWA
Acikin bayanan da
suka gabata na wannan muƙalar, an yi ƙoƙarin
fitowa da ma’anar takidi, Hanyoyin da ake yin takidi
masuyin takidi tare da buga misalai da waƙoƙin
baka na shaharraru da ga cikin waƙoƙin
baka na Hausa irin su; (Dr) Alhaji Mamman Shata, Alhaji Sa’idu
faro, Alhaji Musa Ɗankwairo, Alhaji Sani Aliyu Ɗandawo.Shawara
ta anan ita ce, ya dace ga manazarta adabin baka da su yi ƙoƙarin
wajen ƙara ƙwalƙwale ainahin
fasahar takidi da makaɗa ke yi wajen
aikinsu.
MANAZARTA
Gusau, S. M. (2009). Diwanin Wakokin Baka,
Zaɓaɓɓun Matanoni na Waƙoƙin
Baka na Hausa. Kano: Benchmark Publishers.
Gusau, S. M. (2003) Jagoran Nazarin Waƙar
Baka. Kano: Benchmark Publishers.
Gusau, S. M. (2015) Mazhabobin Rai da Tarke
a Adabi da Aladu na Hausa. Kano: Century Reseach and Publishing Limited.
Kurawa, H. M. (2023) Darasi a kan
Waƙoƙin Baka (Darasi na Farko): Department of Languages and
Cultures. Gusau: Federal University.
Mukhtar, I. (2005) Bayanin Rubutattun Waƙoƙin
Hausa. Kano: Countryside Publisher Limited.
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