Cite this article: Kewulere, O. W. and Jawondo, I. A. 2023. The Impact of Globalization on Local Economic Activities in Moro, Kwara State, Nigeria, 2000 – 2020. Sokoto Journal of History Vol. 12. Pp. 102-114. www.doi.org/10.36349/sokotojh.2023.v12i01.009
The Impact of Globalization on Local Economic Activities in Moro, Kwara State, Nigeria, 2000 – 2020
Mr.
KEWULERE, Olayimika Wasiu
Department of
Religions, History and Heritage Studies, Faculty of Arts, Kwara State
University, Malete, Kwara State, Nigeria
Email: wasiu.kewulere@Kwasu.edu.ng
or abdulwasiolayimika@gmail.com
Tel: 08135501419
and
Professor JAWONDO,
Ibrahim Abdulganiyu, Ph.D. (Second author)
Department of History
and International Studies, University of Ilorin, Ilorin Kwara State, Nigeria
Email: Jawondo.ia@unilorin.edu.ng
Tel: 08035015242
Abstract: Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide. With the advances in communication, transportation, and technology, this process has increased in intensity and has become increasingly more prevalent in the 21st century. Globalization has affected local, national, and worldwide economic activities since the turn of the millennium, with local areas receiving enormous impact. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to investigate the degree to which economic activities have been impacted by globalization, especially during the first two decades of the twenty-first century. It adopts historical research method in data collection and analytical approach in presenting them. Because writers often ignore the region's economic past, a large amount of the material comes from oral interviews, which fills in the information gaps.
Keywords: Economy, Globalization, Growth, Moro, Kwara
Introduction
Moro Local
Government Area is one of the sixteen local government areas in Kwara state,
Nigeria. It is a rural environment that was created in 1973 out of some five Districts
of Ilorin emirate (Malete, Ejidongaqri, Paiye, Oloru and Lanwa)[i]
The physical land form of the
area was mainly a plain land with grasses. It has an area of about 3,272 km2 and a population of about
108,792 as at the 2006 national population census.[ii] Traditional
economy of Moro was built around farming, hunting, crafts making, charcoal
production, food production and trading etc.[iii] The choice of these
economic activities revolved around the natural features of the area. The
climate and soil of the environment played pivotal roles on farmers’ annual
lucrative harvests. The atmosphere was habitable and the soil was fertile for
farming activities. There were also experiences of mean rainfall of 1200mm
concentration between April and October, with mean annual temperature that
varied between 31.50C and 350C.[iv]
Since the
pre-colonial period, the effectiveness of the political leaderships of the area
in managing free flow of selling and buying at its markets with the supervision
of markets heads cannot be over emphasized. Availability of local roads also
made mobility of products from farms to market areas easy, through human
portage. It was on the influence of the above features that the economic
activities of the area remained significant and major contributors to the
economic buoyancy of Ilorin emirate throughout the period.[v] In
the colonial period, the traditional economy of Moro became impacted with
colonial activities such as military actions at Ilorin which facilitated
increase in population and transactions at Moro, construction of rail lines
which attracted foreign merchants, introduction of new currencies which
encouraged members of the communities to adopting additional sources of income,
price control and provision of market infrastructures that aided markets
expansion and sales extension etc. These and other colonial activities laid
solid foundation for post-colonial economic endeavours in the area.[vi]
Successive post-colonial governments have also in different ways contributed
significantly to the growth and challenges of the traditional economic
activities in the area. While the economy remained buoyant, it became rapidly
transformed through globalization. The objective of this paper therefore is to interrogate the
extent of the impact of globalization on the economy of Moro LGA of Kwara
state, in respect of some modern economy boosting and developmental activities
that have evolved in the area.[vii]
Conceptual Discussion
Globalization refers to a multidimensional set of
social processes that create, multiply, stretch, and intensify worldwide social
interdependencies and exchanges, while at the same time fostering in people a
growing awareness of deepening connections between the local and the distant.[viii] Globalization
is relatively a new term that made its dictionary debut in 1961[ix],
and was rarely used until 1980s by the academics.[x] It subsequently became
commonly used since the end of the cold war in 1989.[xi] There are different and inter-connected
types of globalization which include economic, political, social and religious
globalization. Economic globalization (which is the focus of this paper) is the
diminution or elimination of state-enforced restrictions on exchanges across
borders and the increasingly integrated and complex global system of production
and exchange that has emerged as a result.[xii]
Economic
globalization is the free movement of goods, services and people across the
world.[xiii]
It is the type of globalization that offers developing countries (and local
communities) the opportunity to create wealth through export-led growth, to
expand international trade in goods and services and to gain new ideas,
technology and institutional designs.[xiv] It brought about
evolvement of modern economic activities and transformation of traditional or
local ones in the rural communities. As opined by Farington and
Mitchel, the
penetration of rural markets by global goods and increased services with
consequent implications for consumption and welfare were manifestations of
global economic processes relevance in the rural communities.[xv]
Nigeria
like all other states has felt the impact of globalization on its economy as it
imparted on its domestic economic policies, livelihood strategies and
socio-cultural structures and practices.[xvi] In the same vein, the
economy of the local communities in each state in Nigeria generally experienced
the impact of globalization in aspects such as liberalization of international
trade as well as marketers for agricultural products, commercialization of
agriculture and expansion of agro-industries, rural livelihood diversification,
intensification of international and internal labour migration, increasing
privatization of resources and services, structural adjustment ideas and wider
use of information and communication technology.[xvii] Like in
other rural environments in Nigeria, the extent of the influence of
globalization on the local economy of Moro has become so obvious that it became
pertinent for this study to be carried out.
Globalization and Local Economy
Economic
globalization brought about a fundamental shift in the local economy. It caused
a form of movement from the world in which local economies were comparatively
self-contained entities and isolated from each other by barriers to
cross-border form of trade and investments which is unrestricted by distance,
time zones, languages or national differences in government regulations,
culture and business systems. It brought about unlimited freedom for local
economic activities through a global environment in which barriers to
cross-border trade and investment are declining; where perceived distance is
shrinking due to advances in transportation and telecommunications technology;
where material culture is starting to look similar the world over; and where local
economies are merging into an interdependent, integrated global economic
system.[xviii]
This
economic globalization reflects the continuing expansion and mutual integration
of market frontiers, and it is an irreversible trend for the economic
development in the whole world at the turn of the millennium. The rapid growing
significance of information in all types of productive activities and
marketization are the two major driving forces for economic globalization. In
other words, the fast globalization of the world’s economies in recent years is
largely based on the rapid development of science and technologies, and it has
resulted from the environment in which market economic system has been fast
spreading throughout the world. It also developed on the basis of increasing
cross-border division of labour that has been penetrating down to the level of
production chains within enterprises of different countries.[xix]
In
the contemporary times, with the increase of transport, communication and
technology links among local communities and nations, the mobility of finance
and production factors among countries has also increased.[xx] There are
increases in exchange of currency, free flow of capital, movement of people and
flow of information. Strategic changes have occurred in the businesses as
targeted markets are limitless. The entire world community has now been made
business target as a result of improvement in economic globalization.[xxi]
This is because, when properly managed, the increase in globalization trends
positively affects competition and growth of local economy.[xxii] This was the case of Moro
local government area of Kwara state since 2000.
Impact of
Globalization on Economic Activities in Moro
At the wake
of globalization and especially at the beginning of the new millennium in year
2000, the economy of Moro became impacted and as the result of the
modernization of traditional economic activities and introduction of some
non-traditional and modern economic activities. Farming as a traditional
economic activity of Moro became influenced by globalization in several
aspects. On the aspects of labour, globalization brought about the employment
of labour of persons of foreign origin. Labourers from Togo and Benin Republic
flooded Moro.[xxiii]
Their labour became more sorted for, and they were addressed with names of
their countries of origin, Togo or Benin. There was also the craving for the
services of persons from Benue state of Nigeria. These people were mostly
referred to as Mokudi (a bastardized form of Makurdi, the capital of Benue
state).[xxiv]
Presence of these foreign labourers in Moro was factorised by intensification of
international and internal labour migration which are impacts of globalization.
Restricted but coordinated movement of goods and persons within ECOWAS member
states was also another globalization aiding factor for the presence of international
labour migrants in Moro. The labourers were mostly recruited by group leaders
who coordinated and sponsored their transportation down to Moro. The group
leaders usually took responsibility of their transportation and feeding down to
Moro. He was also responsible for allocating them to prospective labour
employers after accommodating them into available lodges.[xxv]
Labour by
these non-indigenes on farmlands was considered more effective and significant.
They appeared more buoyant, agile and strong. Their physical appearance have
not been proved wrong as large farm owners in Moro had continuously settled for
their labour as a result of their being proactive. Their technique of land
cultivation was of no match. They possessed certain types of hoe that made it
easier for them to plough larger quantity of soil at a stance.[xxvi]
Some of these foreign labourers also requested for pieces of lands for personal
farming. They worked on their personal farms at leisure times. The farm
products were mostly consumed by them and their associates. At the death of any
of the foreign labourers who had farmlands, his or her relatives took
possession of the crops. This was the case of Sogo whose land was later taken
over by Baba-Dudu at Akata-Olosun village in Malete district, Moro.[xxvii]
Employment of
the labour of these foreign labourers largely contributed to the annual
quantity of the farm products from Moro. It consequently contributed largely to
the growth of farming which was a major determinant of Moro traditional
economy. At each market day of respective markets in the five districts in
Moro, the effects of the roles of the foreign labourers was observed on the
tons of farm produces that were acquired from the markets.[xxviii]
This development cannot be justly addressed except as influence of economic
globalization in the area.
After working as labourers under their
coordinators for a complete calendar year, each one of them who must have been
permanently affixed to a particular large farm stood the chance of getting a
new motorcycle as wage. The motorcycles were afterwards used as means of
transportation back to their communities of origin. Other labourers that were
not opportune to be affixed to any large farm got paid for the extent of land
he or she must have worked on. This was paid immediately after completion of
the assignment at the farmland.[xxix]
Another major
aspect from which globalization has aided the economy of Moro was the
introduction of mechanised farming. The introduction of modern science and
technology oriented machines into farming in Moro boosted the quantity of
agricultural outputs. Machines used for ploughing and cultivation of farmlands
were introduced into Moro by private farm owners around 2005, and later by the
government around 2010.[xxx]
The private farm owners made judicious use of the machines on their personal
farms, and rented same out to other members of the area who could afford their
cost of rent. The rent charge per machine was around Seven-thousand naira
daily.[xxxi]
These machines made farming easier in Moro as large farm owners could then
depend on it for faster accomplishment of goals on their respective farmlands.
The machines on the government owned farmlands such as the farm situated at
Asomu village in Oloru Districts were managed by the Kwara State Ministry of
Agriculture.[xxxii]
Globalization also made trade in cashew nut relevant. Cashew farms which were
part of the major economic focus of the colonial government were abandoned by
successive Nigerian government. However, cashew nuts in the recent times have
been demanded at local communities by multi-national companies that produced
butter, yoghurt, cheese etc.[xxxiii]
Cashew farm owners in Moro have since the wake of globalization enjoyed
continuous patronage by local pickers and gatherers of cashew nuts. The nuts
were usually gathered in sacks and sold to dealers in large quantities at Moro
markets.[xxxiv]
Charcoal
production which was an integral part of traditional economy of Moro became
more influenced by globalization as the world communities continued to interact
with little or no restriction, especially through the social media. While
patronizers of Moro charcoal producers from neighbouring communities and states
in Nigeria caused continuous growth of the business in the area, its
patronizers from outside Nigeria tremendously supported its large contribution
to the advancement of the economy of the area in the twenty-first century.
Globalization
made possible the continuous exploration of local communities in Moro LGA,
especially Ejidongari, by foreigners who were in search of raw materials such
as charcoal. Exploration of the area brought about fruitful interactions
between the locals and the foreign explorers. For example at Ejidongari, some
Chinese nationals that were informed about abundant production of charcoal in
the area explored the place and initiated negotiation with the producers. They
were informed of the traditional economic activity that turned into an
international one by one Mr. Lukuman, an indigene of the community who resided
in Lagos. Those Chinese nationals usually bought charcoal in loads of sealed
bags and then loaded them in containers. The containers were then locked and
driven to Apapa port in Lagos state; from where they were transported abroad.[xxxv]
Effects of globalization as exemplified in patronization of charcoal producers
in the area included provision of readily available markets for their products.
This made them to assume security of job for those whom were employed as
labourers by each head of the charcoal production group or family. This made
its production to be continuous, even when most residents of the area did not
subscribe to its use. They saw use of fire woods as a better option for
cooking.[xxxvi]
The money realised by the charcoal producers, especially from their foreign
customers, was also mostly used in employment of labourers on farmlands, thus
facilitating flow of currency and growth of other segments of the area’s
economy.[xxxvii]
Globalization
also influenced availability of Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
oriented businesses in Moro LGA. It facilitated establishment of several café
outlets in the area, especially at Malete and its environs. This concentration
in Malete and its environs was because the community hosted Kwara State
University, where there was continuous need for the services of ICT operators.[xxxviii]
Some handful
of computer operators also provided internet and printing services at Shao and
Bode-Sadu.[xxxix]
Internet challenge was common at Ejidongari and Paiye districts, thus making
computer services scarce in the areas.[xl]
Activities of the computer and internet service providing companies varied.
They all provided services on document typing/ typesetting and printing. Other
business owners of both private and public status engaged services of the café
operators for printing and photocopying both official and personal documents.
Academic staff members of KWASU engaged the café operators’ services in
providing most of their academic papers. Students also engaged their services
in printing assignments, term papers and final year projects. The services
provided by the café operators earned them reasonable amount as daily income,[xli]
as they became contented ICT self-employed individuals. Their daily income from
the café business was close to that of white-collar jobs’ employees.[xlii]
Advancement
in science and technology brought about solution to cash scarcity and provided
alternative to physical presence at banks as the sole available option for
currency withdrawal. Instead of visiting banks for cash withdrawal behind the
counters or at the Alternative Teller Machine (ATM) spots (after possible
several hours of queue), the knowledge of science and technology brought about
invention of Point of Sales (POS) machines. POS machine is the device with
keyboards into which visa debit cards pin is entered for onward payment at the
points of goods purchase.[xliii]
The machine made transfer and withdrawal of cash easier. Economic globalization
brought about its uses at rural communities such as Moro LGA, because the area
was experiencing increase in economic activities that involved banking
activities.[xliv]
The need for POS business would not have been so high in the area, but the lack
of commercial banks made a large portion of entrepreneurs in the area
patronizers of the business. The establishment of KWASU Microfinance bank in
2013 and its commencement of operations in 2015 after getting the licence to
operate[xlv]
could not solve the currency problems of businesses in the area. This was as a
result of limitations such as low publicity, weak public relations techniques,
proximity of the bank to other districts in Moro etc.[xlvi]
POS business was owned and managed by both indigenes and non-indigenes of Moro
LGA.
Unlike in the
other three districts, up until the year 2023, POS business was not popular in
Paiye and Ejidongari districts and their environs due to challenges such as
lack of adequate power supply, absence of internet facilities etc. Lack of such
facilities largely reduced the growth of modern economic activities in the
areas. The internet challenge in the two districts was so devastating that the
use of headphone was not common. The few individuals who had hand phones and
resided in the areas had to hang the phones on objects such as trees while
calling-out or receiving a phone call.[xlvii]
POS operators
in the Moro charged more for their services and they were duly patronized.
Unlike in Ilorin where there were several banks that served as major option for
money withdrawal, Moro had only one bank which could not serve five percent of
its population. The profit made by operators in Moro facilitated more
investment in the business. POS. operators whose villages were more remote from
the central markets where the business was enjoying more patronage established
their outlets at the markets for adequate patronage.[xlviii]
Photo studios
and image making firms in Moro have also become modernised with the aid of
globalization. Globalization brought about the use of sophisticated machines in
the making of photos and frames. Digital technology brought about advancement
in the operations of photographers, and photography and frame making had been
part of the economic activities that have been contributing majorly to the
economic growth of the area. Establishment and presence of modern photography
and frame making studios enjoyed patronage from members of the community.[xlix]
Enlarged photographs and beautifully made frames were then used as gifts and
prizes by both individuals and organizations. High patronage was more
experienced by the business owners during festive periods.[l]
The observed lucrative nature of the business made some indigenes of the
communities enrol their kids for apprenticeship in the arts.[li]
Globalization
also facilitated award Design into Moro, especially in Malete district, where
the business enjoyed more patronage from KWASU students.[lii]
As evident in other universities in Kwara state and Nigeria at large, Kwara
State University had Departmental and Faculty Students’ bodies that involved in
students concerned socio-political and religious activities. Award nights were
part of the events annually hosted by most student bodies that engaged the
services of the award designers. Continuous award contracts had always made the
business a lucrative one.[liii]
The business continued to grow on the advantages of continuous recommendations
among customers.[liv]
Award
designers have not only continuously contributed to the growth of Moro economic
activities, but have also opened apprenticeship opportunity for secondary
school leavers in the area.[lv]
The apprentices in return involved in getting contracts of lower prices and
recommended their bosses for the larger ones. Like other businesses too,
increasing population of apprentices at the shops of award designers aided
higher profit making for the food sellers around the shops. The multiplying
effect of this also reflected on the food sellers and market women relations as
they got additional cooking ingredients from them.[lvi]
This in return contributed to the continuous flow of currency in the district,
thus making its economy stronger.
Globalization
also facilitated introduction of modern laundry services into Moro as an
alternative to the traditional Alagbafo (traditional laundry service
providers). Modern laundry services became a necessary economic activity in the
area as white collar jobs were evolving there.[lvii]
Providers of this service were welcomed with huge patronage by students and
workers. They were mostly available at Oloru, Kambi, Shao and Malete villages. Laundry
service must be mentioned to have served as a major modern economic activity in
the districts. It served as source of income to operators amongst indigenes and
settlers. High patronage enjoyed by the business affected the traditional
laundry service providers in the area. Use of modern machines, display of
professionalism and adequate public relations made customers to prefer services
of the modern laundry providers to the traditional ones.[lviii]
In response to the challenge of the sudden competition, the traditional laundry
service providers adopted door-to-door or home services to retain some of their
customers, most of who were locals and students.[lix]
Real estate
and property agency also became a major contributor to the economy of Moro
since the wake of the new millennium. This business lacked representation at
both Ejidongari and Paiye districts of the local government.[lx]
Companies such as J-Unit Global Concept, Baogra Enterprise and Ilias Real
Estate Management Company provided housing and properties agencies services in
Malete; and at Oloru there were Ayinde Real Estate Company and some others.
These companies are involved in housing and hostels management, building
projects supervision and general construction services and several other
services that were mostly required by students and travellers.[lxi]
The reliability of each of the companies determined how much patronage they
enjoyed base the service they provide.[lxii]
Establishing
Shopping malls and supermarkets was another significant economic activity that
evolved in Moro in the contemporary time. Malls and supermarkets served as
available markets for provisions. Most of the supermarkets that have evolved in
the area were concentrated in Malete but some handful of stores was available
at other districts such as Oloru, Lanwa and Paiye. There were no major stores
at Ejidongari except small provision shops.[lxiii]
At some malls and supermarkets, customers were to move round to pick items of
their choice and then bring same to the counter for value quantification and
payment. This was not convenient for some customers, especially women who
wished to be attended to by the waiters.[lxiv]
Challenges of
Globalization on Economic Activities in Moro
All the economic activities that have
been influenced by globalization in Moro LGA had challenges the first of which
is the reduction of the chances of employment opportunity for the indigenes of
the area due to the services of foreign labourers.[lxv] Also, the foreign
labourers mostly put employers of their labour at lost by selling the
motorcycles handed over to them after getting to their countries of origin.
This major challenge was posed at the employers by the falling value of Naira
to its counterparts in West Africa and hike in materials cost in Nigeria.[lxvi] Also, while the inputs of the use of machines
in farming appeared to be positive, it deprived labourers the opportunity of
employment. This to a large extent made some of them who resided in the
villages where machines were mostly used to seek engagement in neighbouring
communities.[lxvii]
As
economically profitable as the effects of globalization on charcoal production
in the area, its continuous large production has greatly de-forested the area.
Charcoal producers continued in deforestation by continuously falling trees for
its production. They knew next to nothing about the negative implications of
falling trees without replacement techniques.[lxviii]
The implications of falling trees must be noted to include climate change,
desertification, soil erosion, fewer crops, flooding, increased greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, and a host of other problems to the indigenous people.[lxix]
Continuous trees falling by people of Ejidongari has greatly contributed to
climate change which has in return become a global challenge. Other segments of
the area’s economy such as farming and hunting became negatively affected too,
as they experienced more soil erosion and reduction in output at their
farmlands. The roads connecting various streets of the area were also flooded,
especially the ones situated around its boundary with communities along Oloko
village, via Ilorin-Jebba expressway road.[lxx]
ICT business
in Moro also suffered challenges that included bad and fluctuating network
services from the internet providers.[lxxi]
There was also the challenge of inflation in prices of printing materials such
as A4 paper, toner, cartridge, binding items, etc.[lxxii]
Another challenge faced by café business was limited power supply. At places
like Malete where there was more concentration of cafe operators, power supply
was so limited that businesses that were operated with the use of electric
power could not survive without the use of supplementary power generating
machines, which was not without its financial implications. This to a large
extent caused increase in price of operation.[lxxiii]
Some operators also subscribed to installation of solar-inverter machines which
on its own was quite expensive. When compared with some other communities with
higher institutions in Kwara state, such as Tanke which is at a close proximity
to University of Ilorin or Adewole that was at close proximity to University of
Ilorin and Kwara Poly Mini-campuses, and Mandate that was more or less a host
community to Al-Hikmah university, Malete enjoyed lowest supply of electric
power, and the price of printing there was higher than other areas.[lxxiv]
POS business
also suffered challenges such as lack of dedication and trustworthiness by some
employed operators. This problem was peculiar to this and some other modern
economic activities in the area.[lxxv]
The challenges faced by photography and its related businesses in Moro included
theft of camera, loss of contracts and competition. Loss of such expensive
machines caused setbacks for the business owners. Also, as the nature of
photography and the way it was operated in the area gave photographers the
opportunity to attend events for the purpose of carrying out their services,
even without invitations, lateness of invited photographers always brought
about loss of the opportunity to others. This was a major challenge for the
business in Moro. There was also the issue of aborted contracts. As related by
some of the photographers and frame makers, after making part payments some
customers never came back to get the products while the photographers would have
completed them with their personal money. These challenges have all contributed
to the setbacks experienced by the photographers in the area.[lxxvi]
These
challenges were not peculiar to photography as awards designing and production
also faced them. When the awards were not produced in the design and standard
that were preferred by the customers, the producers, at some instances loss
their customers to competitors.[lxxvii]
Laundry
business also suffered inadequate power supply and disappointment in service
delivery. The business was also carried out with extra expenses such as
personal electric power generation. Laundry services providers also suffered
lost of customers to competitors. This mostly happened when power supply and
personal non-challant attitude deterred them from delivering the required
services as at when due.[lxxviii]
This study however observed that despite the challenges, laundry services had
continued to thrive in the area as a major economic activity, as the service
providers were providing solutions to the challenges and other operators were
springing up.[lxxix]
The
challenges of property agency and management business in the area included
fraud, theft and debt. Fraud was a major challenge experienced by Ilias Real
Estate Management Company around 2019. According to the manager of the company,
there was a transaction of about four hundred thousand naira between the
company and her customer. While the customer claimed she made a transfer of the
said amount of money to the company’s account and that was received into the
company’s account, the company claimed it was a false alert that after a while
the money could not be found in the account anymore. This incident involved
investigation by officers of the Nigerian Police Force at Malete Police
Station. After several fruitless efforts towards recovering the money, the
company bear the lost. This to a large extent affected the survival of the
business. It caused financial setback for it and affected its prestige and
reliability.[lxxx]
Supermarkets
and shopping malls in Moro faced challenges that included theft, burglary, low
capital and lack of sponsors, lack of trust in the employees, inventory loss,
vacation by KWASU students as suffered by all other businesses in the area, and
natural challenges such as rain and wind. One of the earliest challenges faced
by Day-By-Day Supermarket was as a result of rainfalls. When it was still at
Safari village before moving down to its present location, the small store in
which the business took-off from was flooded by water after series of rainfalls
in 2018. This development caused damages to acquired goods for sales. This
brought about a great loss to the business owner who had to gift some of the
items away and sold some others to relatives and friends at cheaper prices.[lxxxi]
Theft was also experienced by some of the supermarkets, especially when they
were newly opened. Day-By-Day Supermarket experienced loss of items to
customers who stole some items in the process of patronizing it. It was after
lost of many items that the business owner realized the challenge.[lxxxii]
There was also the case of burglary at the supermarkets. Identifying that the
supermarkets had safes in which cash payments were kept, robbers carted away
items and money in the shop-break that happened in year 2020 during the
Covid-19 lock down. These experiences were the reasons for the quick
installation of CCTV camera in the Supermarket.[lxxxiii]
Low capital
and lack of access by the supermarket business owners to the federal government
interventions for small and large scales business was another challenge. As
expressed by the owner of Akinlab Supermarket, funding and access to
sponsorship were suffered by supermarket business owners in the area. There was
also the challenge of trust in employees. Akinlab Supermarket suffered the
services of trustworthy employees. In most cases, the business recorded lost of
cash to the incompetency and negligence of employees who were not also free
from dubious characters. Employees are usually sacked when the case of lost of
fund by the manager and some others employees was no more condonable by the
business owners.[lxxxiv]
Inventory loss was another challenge suffered by supermarkets. This involved
the loss of value by stocked products. Loss of value happened as a result of
goods becoming obsolete or outdated when they were not purchased before their
expiration period or before introduction of new ones to members of the public
by the producers. This was suffered by Ray Supermarket during the Covid-19
lockdown of year 2020. As expressed by the manager, before the opening of shops
most products have expired and they were disposed. Although, locals that had
access to the disposed products went for them without the knowledge of the
business owners.[lxxxv]
Like other businesses that required regular power supply for their smooth
running, supermarkets in Malete district lacked regular power supply which led
to additional running cost on the business owners. This, as expressed by Ben
Martinz supermarket was a major challenge for the business in the area.[lxxxvi]
Conclusion
As unveiled in above discussion, globalization
has positive impact on the economic activities of Moro LGA in several ways. It
facilitated the transformation of traditional businesses and paved way for
evolvement and growth of new ones. Globalization enhanced the ease of doing
business and trade in Moro and it increased access to new markets and
investment opportunities. As a universal transforming phenomenon which has not
left any community unaffected, it improved the capacity of individuals and
local businesses in the area to take advantage of the global marketplace.
Introduction of modern economic activities in Moro LGA also attracted
investments, generated employment opportunities, and increased the incomes of
members of the public. To ensure
continuous growth and sustainability of the developing economic activities in
Moro, it
would be an intelligent step for the Kwara State government to improve
infrastructure and provide access to finance for both small and large scales
economic activities there.
End Notes
[i] . H.
O. Danmole, From Native Authority to Local Government System: The Changing Role
of the Emir of Ilorin, in O. Aborisade (ed) Local Government and the
Traditional Rulers in Nigeria, Ife: University of Ife Press, pp. 37—50.
[ii] . NIPOST, Post offices-with map of Local Government
Areas, archived from original record in 2009, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro,_Nigeria , accessed on 11th
May, 2023.
[iii] . J. O. Ifabiyi and I. K. Banjoko, Economic Recession
Coping Strategies in Nigeria: The Case of Rural Dwellers in Moro Local
Government Area of Kwara State, Journal of Global Economics, Vol. 6, Issue 1,
2018, pp. 1--4.
[iv] . B. F. Sule, M. Agunbiade, A. G. Adeogun and G. Ihagh,
“Small Town Water Supply: Situational Assessment of Shao, Kwara State,
Nigeria”, Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Vol. 13, Issue 4,
2016, p. 48.
[v] . Oral
Interview with Alhaji Ahmad Kuranga (Alangua Budo-Aare) aged 102 at Budo-Aare
Ajanaku Community, Moro LGA, Kwara state, on 29th June, 2021.
[vi] . W. O. Kewulere, Impact of
Colonial Activities on the Economy of Moro Districts, Ilorin Emirate, Nigeria, Ph.D.
Seminar paper, University of Ilorin, Ilorin Nigeria, May, 2023, p.18
[vii] . Personal observation at a
research visit to Malete market on 27th March, 2023
[viii]. M. B.
Steger, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2003, p. 13.
[ix] .
Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language
Unabridged,Springfield, MA: Merriam, 1961
[x] . G.
Lachapelle and S. Paquin, Mastering Globalization: New Sub-States’
Governance and Strategies, New York: Routledge publishers, 2005, p.14
[xi] . P. J. Campbell, A. Mackinnon and
C. R. Steven, An Introduction to Global Studies, United Kingdom:
Blackwell Publishing , 2010, p.4
[xii] . T.
G. Palmer, Globalization is Great!, Washington: Cato's Letter, 2002,
p.27
[xiii] . N. K. Sharma, Globalization and
its Impact on the Third World Economy, Crossing the Border: International
Journal of Disciplinary Studies, Vol. 1, Number 1, December 15, 2013. Pp.
21-29.
[xiv] . S. Andres, Globalization and
National Development at the End of 20th Century, Washington DC: Worldbank
Policy Research Working Paper 2137, June 1999, p.1
[xv] . J. Farington and J. Mitchel, How
Can the Rural Poor Participate in Global Economic Process?, Natural Resource
Perspective- 103, Overseas Development Institute Press, 2006, p.2.
[xvi] . L. Etemike and O. H. Efanidor,
Contemporary Globalization and Rural Economy in Nigeria, American
International Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 4, No. 3, June, 2015, p.9
[xvii] . United Nations, Improving the
Situation of Women in Rural Areas, A 2015 Report of the Secretary General,
Retrieved from www./om.int/jahia/webdaw/shared/mainside/policy-andresearch/un/60/9/pdf
on 19/7/2023.
[xviii] . B.
C. Okoro, E. S. N. Ogochukwu and V. I. Okoro, The Impact of Globalization on
the World Economy in the Global Market and Production, International Journal
of Advanced Academic and Educational Research, Volume 13, Issue 2,
September, 2017, pp. 104 – 115
[xix] . G.
Shangquan, Economic Globalization: Trends, Risks and Risk Prevention, Committee
for Development Policy, Background Paper, No. 1 (ST/ESA/2000/CDP/1),
accessed from http://www.un.org/esa/policy/devplan/index.html, on 18
July, 2022
[xx] . Z. Kılıçarslan and Y. Dumrul, The
Impact Of Globalization On Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence From The Turkey,
International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 2018, Vol. 8
Issue 5, pp. 115-123.
[xxi] . M. D. Intrrilligator, Globalization
of the World Economy: Potential Benefits of Cost and a Net Assessment, Los
Angeles: Milken Institute, 2003, p.21
[xxii] . J. Bhagwati, In Defense of
Globalization, New York: Oxford University Press, 2004
[xxiii] . Personal observation during
research visits to farmlands across the five districts in Moro LGA, between
November, 2021 and August 2023.
[xxiv] . Oral Interview with Baba Bose ,
(Coordinator of Mokudi Labourers), aged 55, at his residence at Asomu village,
Oloru District, Moro LGA, Kwara State, on 27th March, 2022.
[xxv] . Oral Interview with Mr. Jimoh
Ojonla , (Large farm owner along Akata-Akinyele way), aged 52, at his residence
at Akata Olosun village, Malete District, Moro LGA, Kwara State, on 28th March,
2022.
[xxvi] . Personal observation during
research visits to farmlands across the five districts in Moro LGA, between
November, 2021 and August 2023.
[xxvii] . Oral Interview with Mr. Hamidu
Mahmud , (Large farm owner at Akata Olosun), aged 72, at his residence at Akata
Olosun village, Malete District, Moro LGA, Kwara State, on 3rd April, 2023.
[xxviii] . Oral Interview with Mr. Saliu
Usman Baba Burai, (a Middleman at Malete market), aged 71, at Malete market,
Moro LGA, Kwara State, on 27th April, 2023.
[xxix] . Oral Interview with Mr.
AbdulGhaniy Mansafira , (Large farm owner along Okete-Akata way, Moro LGA),
aged 35, at his residence at his farm, on 28th March, 2023.
[xxx] . Oral Interview with Mr. Hamidu
Mahmud , (Large farm owner at Akata Olosun), aged 72, at his residence at Akata
Olosun village, Malete District, Moro LGA, Kwara State, on 3rd April, 2023.
[xxxi] . Oral Interview with Mr. Ibrahim
Usman, (Large farm owner at Ore village, Oloru district, Moro LGA), aged 42, at
his farm , Ore village, Oloru district, Moro LGA, Kwara State, on 19th June,
2023.
[xxxii] . Personal observation during
research visits to farmlands across the five districts in Moro LGA, between
November, 2021 and August 2023.
[xxxiii] . Annon., Uses of Cashew Nuts in
Different Industries, retrieved on https://pureheat.com/blogs/news/uses-of-cashew-nuts, accessed on 26/ 8/ 2023.
[xxxiv] . Oral Interview with Mr. Jimoh
Ojonla , (Large farm owner along Akata-Akinyele way), aged 52, at his residence
at Akata Olosun village, Malete District, Moro LGA, Kwara State, on 28th March,
2022.
[xxxv] . Oral Interview with Mr. Jimoh
Ore, (Chairman, Charcoal Producers Association, Ejidongari), aged 55, at his
charcoal production site, Ejidongari District, Moro LGA, Kwara State, on 27th
March, 2023.
[xxxvi] . Oral Interview with Mr. Taiye
Saota, (Son of the Daudu, Ejidongari District), aged 45, at the Daudu’s
compound, Ejidongari District, Moro LGA, Kwara State, on 27th March, 2023.
[xxxvii] . Oral Interview with Mr. Taiye
Saota, (Son of the Daudu, Ejidongari District), aged 45, at the Daudu’s
compound, Ejidongari District, Moro LGA, Kwara State, on 27th March, 2023.
[xxxviii] . Personal observation at a
research visit to Malete market on 27th March, 2023
[xxxix] . Personal observation at a
research visit to Bode -Sadu market on 1st April, 2023
[xl] . Oral Interview with Mr. Aweda
Saliu, (a basket weaver), aged 55, at his residence in Oloru village, Oloru
District, Moro LGA, Kwara State, on 12th February, 2023.
[xli] . Personal observation during
research visit to Ejidongari district, Moro LGA, Kwara state, on 27th March,
2023.
[xlii] . Oral Interview with Mr. Ayoola
Mansur, (CEO, Ayoola Café), aged 41, at Ayoola Café, Malete District, Moro LGA,
Kwara State, on 19th February, 2022.
[xliii] . Annon., What is POS with
banking?, retrieved on https://www.unitusccu.com, accessed on 28/9/2023.
[xliv] . Personal observation during
research visit to Shao Community, Oloru district, Moro LGA, Kwara state, on 1st
April, 2023.
[xlv] . Oral Interview with Mr. Bolaji
Bakare, (POS Operator) aged 32, at Bode-Sadu market, Lanwa District, Moro LGA,
Kwara State, on 2nd April, 2023
[xlvi] . The National Pilot Newspaper, Interview
of the KWASU Microfinance Pioneer Managing Director, published on
20/8/2018.
[xlvii] . Personal observation during
research visit to Ejidongari district, Moro LGA, Kwara state, on 27th March,
2023.
[xlviii] . Oral Interview with Mr. Olayinka
Kazeem, (POS Operator) aged 27, at Bode-Sadu market, Lanwa District, Moro LGA,
Kwara State, on 2nd April, 2023.
[xlix] . Oral Interview with Mr. Ishaq
Akata, (Photograph and design apprentice) aged 23, at Akata-Olosun community,
Malete District, Moro LGA, Kwara State, on 3rd April, 2023.
[l] . Oral Interview with Mr. Ayoola
Mansur, (CEO, Ayoola Café), aged 41, at Ayoola Café, Malete District, Moro LGA,
Kwara State, on 19th February, 2022.
[li] . Oral Interview with Mr. Shola,
(CEO, Sholly Bee Enterprise), aged 37, at Sholly Bee Enterprise, Malete
District, Moro LGA, Kwara State, on 20th February, 2022
[lii] . Oral Interview with Mr. Funsho
Arinade, (Photographer), aged 43, at Malete District, Moro LGA, Kwara State, on
27th February, 2022.
[liii] . Oral Interview with Mr. Funsho
Arinade, (Photographer), aged 43, at Malete District, Moro LGA, Kwara State, on
27th February, 2022.
[liv] . Oral Interview with Mr. Bolaji
Kareem, (Award designer), aged 37, at Malete District, Moro LGA, Kwara State,
on 28th February, 2022.
[lv] . Oral Interview with Mr.
Olanrewaju Okanlawon, (President, SHSN-KWASU), aged 24, at Malete , Moro LGA,
Kwara State, on 27th February, 2022.
[lvi] . Oral Interview with Mr. Bolaji
Muiz, (Award design apprentice), aged 22, at Ajagbe village, Malete District,
Moro LGA, Kwara State, on 28th February, 2022.
[lvii] . Oral Interview with Iya Abdul
Qadir Akata, (Food hawker), 31years, at Malete Market, Malete District, Moro
LGA, Kwara State, on 28th February, 2022.
[lviii] . Oral Interview with Mr. Hakeem
Adebisi, (Hunter and farmer), aged 48, at his residence, Oloru community, Moro
LGA, Kwara State, on 24th March, 2022.
[lix] . Oral Interview with Mrs. Usman,
Iya Wahidi (A traditional laundry service provider), aged 27, at Malete, Kwara
State, on 28th March, 2022.
[lx] . Personal observation during
research visit to communities in Moro LGA, Kwara state, on 3rd April, 2023.
[lxi] . Personal observation during
research visit to Ejidongari district, Moro LGA, Kwara state, on 27th March,
2023.
[lxii] . Oral Interview with Mr. Shola
Akinade (CEO, J-Unit Global Concept), 32 years, at Malete, Kwara State, on 28th
March, 2022.
[lxiii] . Oral Interview with Mr. Iliasu
Olayinka (CEO, Iliasu Real Estate Management Company), 29 years, at Malete,
Kwara State, on 5th April, 2023.
[lxiv] . Oral Interview with Mr. Salami
Adeolu, (Worker at Akinlab Supermarkets), 32 years, at Malete, Kwara State, on
5th April, 2023.
[lxv] . Oral Interview with Mr.
AbdulGhaniy Mansafira , (Large farm owner along Okete-Akata way, Moro LGA),
aged 35, at his residence at his farm, on 28th March, 2023.
[lxvi] . Oral Interview with Mr. Yusuf
Ibrahim Magaji, (Large farm owner and son of Baba Magaji of Akata-Olosun
community, Moro LGA), 40 years, at his residence at his farm, on 19th June,
2023.
[lxvii] . Oral Interview with Baba Bose ,
(Coordinator of Mokudi Labourers), 55 years, at his residence at Asomu village,
Oloru District, Moro LGA, Kwara State, on 27th March, 2022.
[lxviii] . Oral Interview with Mr. Jimoh
Ore, (Chairman, Charcoal Producers Association, Ejidongari), aged 55, at his
charcoal production site, Ejidongari District, Moro LGA, Kwara State, on 27th
March, 2023.
[lxix] . Personal observation during
research visit charcoal production site at Ejidongari district, Moro LGA, Kwara
state, on 27th March, 2023.
[lxx] . Annon. Effects of
Deforestation, San Francisco, California : Pachamama Alliance, Retrieved
from www.Pachamama.org/effects-of-deforestation, accessed on 26/6/2023.
[lxxi] . Oral Interview with Mr. Mubarak
Abdul-Qodir, (Computer Operator), 35 years at his residence in Gbugudu village,
Malete District, Moro LGA, Kwara State, on 25th February, 2022.
[lxxii] . Oral Interview with Mr. Ayoola Mansur,
(CEO, Ayoola Café), 41 years,, at Ayoola Café, Malete District, Moro LGA, Kwara
State, on 19th February, 2022
[lxxiii] . Oral Interview with Mr. Ayoola
Mansur, (CEO, Ayoola Café), 41 years,, at Ayoola Café, Malete District, Moro
LGA, Kwara State, on 19th February, 2022
[lxxiv] . Oral Interview with Mr. Shola,
(CEO, Sholly Bee Enterprise), 37 years,, at Sholly Bee Enterprise, Malete
District, Moro LGA, Kwara State, on 20th February, 2022
[lxxv] . Oral Interview with Alfa Samee, (Chairman,
Malete Development Association) 48 years,, at Magaji’s compound, Malete, Moro
LGA, Kwara State, on 19th February, 2022.
[lxxvi] . Oral Interview with Mr. Ayoola Mansur,
(CEO, Ayoola Café), 41 years,, at Ayoola Café, Malete District, Moro LGA, Kwara
State, on 19th February, 2022.
[lxxvii] . Oral Interview with Mr. Bolaji
Kareem, (Award designer), 37 years,, at Malete District, Moro LGA, Kwara State,
on 28th February, 2022.
[lxxviii] . Oral Interview with Mr. Sheyi
Bolarinwa (CEO, Hi-Show Laundry Services), 33 years,, at Malete, Kwara State,
on 28th March, 2022.
[lxxix] . Oral Interview with Mr. Sheyi
Bolarinwa (CEO, Hi-Show Laundry Services), 33 years,, at Malete, Kwara State,
on 28th March, 2022.
[lxxx] . Oral Interview with Baogra
Enterprise by Ajao Kolade, at Malete, Kwara State, on 28th March, 2022.
[lxxxi] . Oral Interview with Ummu Zaynab,
(Customer at Day-By-Day Super markets), 24 years,, at Malete, Kwara State, on
5th April, 2023.
[lxxxii] . Oral Interview with Mr. Daviad
Micheal, (Worker at Day-By-Day Super markets), 30 years,, at Malete, Kwara
State, on 5th April, 2023.
[lxxxiii] . Oral Interview with Mr. Daviad
Micheal, (Worker at Day-By-Day Super markets), 30 years,, at Malete, Kwara
State, on 5th April, 2023.
[lxxxiv] . Oral Interview with Mr. Daviad
Micheal, (Worker at Day-By-Day Super markets), 30 years,, at Malete, Kwara
State, on 5th April, 2023.
[lxxxv] . Oral Interview with Mr. Salami
Adeolu, (Worker at Akinlab Supermarkets), 32 years,, at Malete, Kwara State, on
5th April, 2023.
[lxxxvi] . Oral Interview with Mr. Adewusi
Peter , (Worker at Ray Supermarkets), 30 years,, at Moro Kwara State, on 7th
April, 2023.
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