Table of Contents
Article Citation: Abdullahi Sarkin Gulbi, Umar Ahmed, Rabi’u Aliyu Rambo, Jamilu Ibrahim Mukoshy, Abu-Ubaida Sani (2024). Addressing Banditry in Nigeria's North West: Excerpts from the Actors. EAS Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies, 6(1), 13-19 . www.doi.org/10.36349/easjhcs.2024.v06i01.002 .
Addressing Banditry in Nigeria's North West: Excerpts from the Actors
By
Dr. Abdullahi Sarkin Gulbi
Department of Nigerian
Languages
Usmanu Danfodiyo University,
Sokoto
gulbi.abdullahi@udusok.edu.ng
Dr. Umar Ahmed
Department of Linguistics
Usmanu Danfodiyo University,
Sokoto
ahmed.umar@udusok.edu.ng
Dr. Rabi’u Aliyu Rambo
Department of Nigerian
Languages
Usmanu Danfodiyo University,
Sokoto
Dirindaji12aa@gmail.com
Jamilu Ibrahim Mukoshy
Department of Nigerian
Languages
Usmanu Danfodiyo University,
Sokoto
jmukoshy@gmail.com
Abu-Ubaida Sani
Department of Languages and
Cultures
Federal University Gusau
abuubaidasani5@gmail.com
Abstract
This study explores
strategies to address banditry, a critical security challenge in Northwestern
Nigeria. This phenomenon significantly hampers the country's development across
economic, political, social, educational, and other human development sectors.
The primary objective is to investigate the bandits' perspectives on combating
insecurity in the region. The research utilizes Participatory Research (PR)
theory, incorporating research designs, methods, and frameworks that engage
with those directly impacted by the issue for actionable change. This approach
involves analyzing inputs from various sources, including interviews with
active and repentant bandits, victims of banditry, and media content such as
video clips, audio recordings, telephone conversations, and online and
published media.
The study concludes that
eradicating armed banditry is achievable with genuine commitment. It recommends
that the government should effectively evaluate and implement proposed
strategies to curb this threat in the region and nationwide. Additionally, the
government should heed the populace's voices, considering the demands of both
bandits and victims. Establishing robust mechanisms for reintegrating bandits
into society, including creating a welcoming environment for their return, is
also crucial.
Keywords
: Banditry,
Bandits,
Kidnapping
,
Nigeria
’s North West
, Actors
Introduction
Nigeria is grappling with severe internal conflicts marked by
violent extremism, insurgency, and a range of criminal activities. Daily reports
of killings, armed robbery, terrorism, and banditry underscore a deep-rooted
sense of injustice and inequity both within and outside the government.
Historically, terrorism and kidnappings were primarily concentrated
in the oil-rich Niger Delta and the northeastern regions, driven by groups
claiming to fight for improved living conditions and conducting disorganized
religious uprisings (jihad). However, a worrying trend has recently emerged in
the northwest, manifesting as 'banditry' – a term for violence typically
involving armed gangs on motorbikes, launching attacks on villages,
indiscriminately killing residents, and looting valuables (Hassan, 2021).
This wave of terrorism, kidnapping, and banditry has hindered the
development of the rural northwest, displacing communities, restricting access
to farmlands, and disrupting daily life. Concurrently, Nigeria faces
developmental challenges that threaten its socio-economic progress.
In the north, mismanagement of human and natural resources has
exacerbated challenges, shifting the nature of banditry from urban to rural
settings (Onifade and Aderiye, 2022). Rural banditry poses significant threats
to security, peace, and development across Nigeria.
Moreover, corruption, wealth
distribution inequality, ineffective government policies, and socio-economic
issues such as endemic poverty, high unemployment, food shortages, low
industrial output, unstable exchange rates, high inflation, inadequate
infrastructure, and substantial debt have further destabilized the country
(Ewetan, 2013).
This paper argues that rethinking the approach to combat armed
banditry is crucial. The over-reliance on military solutions and the ambiguous
role of amnesty policies require a more robust and nuanced strategy. By
incorporating perspectives from the bandits themselves, this study aims to
propose solutions for enhancing peace and security in the region.
The persistence of banditry
in Nigeria is likely as long as the government overlooks the insights of those
involved in these activities. This research aims to dissect the current
security challenges and offer recommendations for addressing the scourge of
banditry that impedes the development of the northwest.
Conceptual Clarification
The surge of banditry is
particularly pronounced in the rural expanses of the northwest region, as noted
by Olaniyan and Yahaya (2016). This phenomenon is intricately tied to several
contributing factors, notably the presence of ungoverned forests, a decline in
moral values, rampant youth unemployment, the proliferation of small arms and
light weapons, and the repercussions of civil wars in neighboring countries
bordering Nigeria, as highlighted by Nahuche (2022). Banditry, as Nahuche
emphasizes, results in the upheaval and displacement of lives and properties,
instigating a constant state of fear and undermining people's ability to
organize, pursue livelihoods, and maintain human dignity.
Egwu's perspective (2015)
characterizes banditry as the act of stealing cattle and animals from herders,
portraying it as a form of raiding cattle from ranches. He interprets banditry
as a primitive means of accumulating cow herds within the contexts of subsistence
and commercial pastoralism. In a parallel vein, Momale (2015) defines banditry
as a process of cattle rustling, encompassing various criminal activities such
as highway robbery and gang-like invasions of settlements to confiscate wealth
and properties. He posits that these criminal endeavors are closely tied to
societies experiencing social and economic turmoil, particularly in regions
lacking adequate structures and functional governance, such as rural
communities.
Examining the nature and
modus operandi of armed banditry in the northwestern region of Nigeria, Nahuche
(2022) illustrates that the bandits frequently target individuals on highways,
dispossessing them of their possessions before making a swift escape on foot
into the bush. These bandits exhibit a proclivity for extreme violence, often
resorting to lethal force. The motivations behind such acts can be categorized
into social, political, or economic reasons, as suggested by Tahir and Bernard
(2022). The demographic profile of the bandits reveals a predominance of males
between the ages of 18 and 45 years.
The repercussions of armed
banditry on the socio-economic fabric of victims and the affected communities
are multifaceted. This includes the disruption of farming and commercial
activities, the instillation of fear and psychological trauma among victims and
their relatives, disruptions to religious and social activities, such as school
attendance and festivals, the destruction of social amenities like schools and
hospitals, as well as other government-owned structures, and the widespread
destruction of houses. The far-reaching consequences of armed banditry
underscore the urgent need for comprehensive strategies to address this menace
and restore stability to the affected regions.
Literature Review
The study identifies and reviews
the most important and related literature within the reach. The accessible
articles chiefly dealt with identifying ways or means for curbing the decade-long
banditry menace within the northwestern part of the country. Some of the
relevant literature includes:
Mungadi et al. (2020)
highlight the escalation of violence in the North West region, evolving into a
veritable theater of wars that extends its reach into the North Central. This
escalating threat compels herders to migrate southward into the Middle Belt,
exacerbating tensions between herders and farmers. The paper identifies crucial
catalysts for insurgency in the region, including abysmal literacy levels, an
unskilled labor force, ungoverned spaces, stretched poverty indicators,
expansive porous borders, and intense competition for land and water resources
between predominantly Fulani herders and largely Hausa farmers.
Employing a thematic study
approach, the research delves into a comprehensive assessment of the roadmap to
counter insurgency, armed banditry, and kidnapping in the affected region. The
study's findings underscore the effectiveness of techno-driven surveillance,
achieved through collaboration between security agencies and telecommunications
operators. Additionally, the importance of strengthening governance structures
and adopting community participatory policing emerges as pivotal strategies to
mitigate the menace.
Furthermore, the research
advocates for a comprehensive, multipronged approach involving collaboration
among states, federal entities, and international communities. This approach
aims to quell armed groups, safeguard communities spread across vast ungoverned
territories, and dismantle the intricate networks of the perpetrators. The
study thus serves as a call to action, emphasizing the urgency of collaborative
efforts in addressing the multifaceted challenges posed by insurgency and armed
banditry in the region.
Abdullahi (2021) observed
that the insecurity issue in Zamfara State stems from the government's failure
to fulfill its constitutional responsibilities crucial for its existence. This
encompasses, among other things, the provision of a sense of belonging to all
major segments within the state and ensuring basic social amenities for all
citizens. Employing qualitative methods, including in-depth interviews, and
drawing on the human needs theory, which posits that government neglect of its
responsibilities leads to conflicts, the paper concludes that without both
state and central governments addressing these crucial responsibilities,
banditry will persist, causing continued displacement of people from their
original places of residence. This, in turn, will have detrimental effects on
the sustainable development of both the people and the state.
Nahuche (2022) investigates the origins and ramifications of banditry in northwestern Nigeria, with a focus on the states most affected—Sokoto, Kebbi, Zamfara, and Katsina. Utilizing a survey methodology, the study conducted in-depth interviews with selected community leaders, police officers, and victims of banditry. Employing a descriptive survey analysis employing percentages and frequencies, the paper supplements its quantitative findings with transcribed qualitative data. The study reveals that banditry, functioning as a societal scourge, results in injury, rape, loss of lives and properties, prolonged grief, fear of victimization, and overall anguish among citizens. Contributing factors include the influx of ex-combatants with firearms from neighboring conflict-ridden nations, escalating unemployment, and the use of inadequate and outdated weapons by security operatives. The paper advocates for solutions such as state policing, the training of local vigilante groups, the provision of modern security gadgets, and addressing poverty through job creation to effectively counter the persistent security threat in the country.
Tahir and Bernard (2022)
concentrate on the challenge posed by armed banditry, emphasizing its adverse
impact on Nigeria's development in economic, political, social, and educational
realms over recent years. The study utilizes a descriptive survey within a
qualitative research framework, gathering data from the field. The findings
underscore that the mitigation or eradication of armed banditry is imperative
for Nigeria's development. Consequently, the paper recommends a collective
responsibility to eliminate armed banditry, emphasizing the creation of
employment opportunities for youth as a crucial step to curb the menace and
foster an environment conducive to good governance.
Faruk and Abdullahi (2022)
highlight the recent surge in armed banditry and kidnapping across multiple
North-West states in Nigeria, inflicting significant harm on the lives and
properties of the region's inhabitants. The study aims to scrutinize the socio-economic
impact of armed banditry and kidnapping, focusing on six local governments in
Katsina State. Employing a survey research design, 430 respondents from various
communities in the selected local governments received structured
questionnaires. Results were analyzed using tables and percentages.
The findings reveal that armed banditry has substantial adverse effects on poverty, unemployment, food security, education, health, income, and the overall standard of living for people in the state. It also disrupts various socio-economic activities in the region. The study advocates for stringent border security patrols to curb the proliferation of illegal arms and ammunition, proactive measures by security agencies, and an extension of universal basic education programs to remote Fulani settlements, accompanied by the establishment of skills acquisition centers. Additionally, the establishment of Fulani settlements in under-governed forests with basic amenities, and the provision of farming inputs to revive agricultural production for enhanced food security, are recommended.
Aina (2023) argues that
banditry poses a severe threat to lives and livelihoods in Nigeria's Northwest
and North Central regions, resulting in thousands of deaths and displacements.
Governments, both federal and subnational, have responded with various measures,
including the controversial approach of granting amnesty to 'repentant'
bandits—a strategy that has consistently failed. While many works explore the
origins, nature, and trends of banditry, Aina's essay uniquely focuses on the
contentious issue of amnesty in Nigeria's Northwest region. The article
questions the rationale behind granting amnesty, emphasizing the absence of
three crucial components for its success: individual risk assessment for
'repentant' bandits, the support of affected local communities throughout the
process, and the inclusion of the voices of victims, including women and girls.
Without these elements, attempting to reintegrate 'repentant' bandits in
Northwest Nigeria is likely to result in repeated failures of such initiatives.
In
summary, the literature review on banditry in Northwestern Nigeria presents a
comprehensive analysis of the multifaceted nature and impact of this issue.
Studies by Mungadi et al. (2020) and Abdullahi (2021) delve into the root
causes of insurgency and insecurity, highlighting factors such as poor literacy
levels, ungoverned spaces, and governmental neglect. Nahuche (2022) and Tahir
and Bernard (2022) further explore the devastating effects of banditry on the
social fabric and economic development of the region, emphasizing the need for
modern security measures and job creation. Faruk and Abdullahi (2022) examine
the socio-economic impacts in Katsina State, suggesting solutions like tighter
border security and educational programs for Fulani communities. Aina (2023)
critically analyzes the policy of granting amnesty to bandits, underlining its
repeated failures due to the lack of risk assessment, community involvement,
and victim representation. Collectively, these studies underscore the
complexity of the banditry crisis and the urgent need for multifaceted,
well-thought-out strategies to address it.
Theoretical Framework
Participatory
Research (PR) emerges as a pertinent framework for this paper, as it epitomizes
a research-to-action approach that actively involves local priorities and
perspectives (Cornwall and Jewkes, 1995, as cited in Vaughn and Jacquez, 2020).
PR, broadly defined, encompasses various research designs, methods, and
frameworks that engage in systematic inquiry through direct collaboration with
individuals directly impacted by the subject under investigation, emphasizing a
focus on action or change (Cargo and Mercer, 2008). The theory underscores the
importance of co-constructing research through partnerships between researchers
and stakeholders, community members, or individuals possessing insider
knowledge and lived expertise (Jagosh et al., 2012).
Originating
from the innovative work of Richard Theodore Tarnas, a Professor of Philosophy
and Psychology at the California Institute of Integral Studies, and a renowned
cultural historian and astrologer, Participatory Research (PR) theory has found
widespread use across diverse fields of study. Recognized for its collaborative
inquiry process that not only achieves research goals but also generates
real-world impact, PR aligns seamlessly with the goals of this research.
Despite its diverse applications, PR employs various frameworks, approaches,
and orientations, several of which prove particularly relevant to the
objectives of this study.
They include:
a.
Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR):
This orientation to participatory research often focuses on
health-related issues that equally involve all partners, including researchers
and community members, in all phases of the research process, from study design
to dissemination. The target of this approach is mainly concerned with community
capacity, participatory health research, and community-based participatory
action research. Amongst the proponents of this approach include Wallerstein,
Duran, Oetzel, and Minkler (2018).
b.
Community-Engaged Research (CEnR):
This model represents a broad array of participatory research
approaches that emphasize academic-community partnerships focused on issues
that affect the well-being of the community in focus. This approach deals
rapidly with community engagement in research. Some proponents of the model
include Ahmed and Palermo (2010).
c.
Participatory Action Research (PAR):
The model combines participation and action to understand and
address societal issues. It also emphasizes democratic processes in
participation with others rather than research for research’s sake
conducted on people or communities. This approach is majorly
concerned with participatory research; and youth participatory action research.
Some of the known proponents of this model are Baum, MacDougall and
Smith (2006).
d.
Participatory Evaluation:
This is an approach that shares decision-making with stakeholders
in the evaluation of a program or service at some point in the process. The
model aims at empowerment evaluation; participatory or democratic evaluation. Proponents
of this model include Whitmore (1998).
e.
Participatory Health Research (PHR):
It is a model of participatory research which centrally values
participation from stakeholders in the research process in specific ways to
improve the quality and relevance of the research. The model focuses more on community-based
participatory research. Proponents of this model include Wright and Kongats (2018).
f.
Participatory Rural Appraisal:
This is another model that focuses on community development in
which rural people share decision-making in programs and policies affecting
them. The model is often used by non-governmental organizations to focus on rapid
rural appraisal. Chambers (1994) is one of its proponents.
The Participatory Research (PR) theory, grounded in its
foundational assumptions, is applied in this study to examine the activities
and atrocities of bandits, which are both precipitated and sustained by the
prevailing socio-existential environment in rural and urban societies of
northwest Nigeria. Given the ongoing and uncurtailed situation in this region,
the adoption of the PR model offers a promising approach. By utilizing insights
directly from the bandits themselves, this study aims to identify effective
strategies for addressing the persistent insecurity in Nigeria's Northwest. It
is anticipated that leveraging the PR model in this context will facilitate a
more nuanced understanding of the situation and contribute to the development
of practical solutions within a relatively short timeframe.
Methodology
This study employs a mixed-methods approach, drawing insights from
both primary and secondary sources to comprehensively understand and address
the complex issue of banditry in Northwestern Nigeria. Primary data is
qualitatively collected through a combination of Focus Group Discussions (FGDs)
and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs). The participants include both repentant
and active bandits, as well as victims of armed banditry, selected from Sokoto
and Zamfara states. This approach aims to capture firsthand perspectives,
experiences, and insights from those directly involved in the banditry
phenomenon. The study involves twenty in-depth interviews, with ten
participants each from the active and repentant bandit groups, along with an
additional ten interviews conducted with victims of banditry. These interviews
provide a nuanced understanding of the motivations, operational dynamics, and
potential solutions as perceived by individuals actively engaged in or affected
by banditry.
Complementing the primary data, secondary data is sourced from
relevant literature published on the subject, offering a comprehensive review
of existing knowledge. The methodology is designed to assess the current
situation, identify potential interventions, and explore feasible strategies
for addressing banditry directly from the individuals immersed in these
activities. The data collected from both primary and secondary sources is
rigorously analyzed, with a specific focus on excerpts derived from various
media assessments, including verbal and written accounts of security
challenges. The analysis involves transcription, categorization, and in-depth
scrutiny, particularly of interviews conducted through diverse mediums such as
video, audio, telephone conversations, radio, television, and internet
platforms, as well as published media. These comprehensive data sources serve
as a robust foundation for conducting a detailed case study, allowing for a
thorough exploration of the operational aspects and underlying factors
contributing to the persistence of banditry in the region.
Results and Discussion
In this section, the findings of the research study will be
elucidated in alignment with the objectives outlined in the paper. The
discussion will interpret and analyze the collected data, exploring how these
findings align with, contrast, or expand upon existing literature and theories
related to banditry in Northwestern Nigeria. This comprehensive analysis aims
to provide insights into the current state of banditry and contribute to a
deeper understanding of its underlying causes, operational dynamics, and
potential solutions as perceived by various stakeholders involved. Through this
examination, the study aims to offer meaningful contributions to both academic
discourse and practical approaches to addressing the challenges of banditry in
the region.
The Affected Areas
The research reveals that banditry remains a
significant issue in Nigeria, predominantly in the northwest region, affecting
states such as Zamfara, Sokoto, Katsina, Kebbi, and Kaduna, among others. In
Zamfara State, the areas most impacted include Anka, Birnin Magaji, Kauran
Namoda, Maru, Shinkafi, Tsafe, and Zurmi. Sokoto State's Goronyo, Gudu, Illela,
Isa, and Sabon Birni have also been heavily affected. In Kebbi, regions
adjacent to Zamfara and Niger States, particularly Sakaba, Zuru, and
Danko/Wasagu, face significant challenges. Katsina State’s border regions with
Kaduna State, notably around Mairua, Dandume, and Faskari, are similarly
afflicted. Within Kaduna State, the areas of Birnin Gwari, Chikun, Kachia,
Kagarko, Kajuru, and Zangon Kataf have been identified as highly impacted.
Extending to the north-central region, Niger
State suffers notably in areas bordering or linked to the ungoverned forests of
Kaduna State, specifically Muya, Rafi, Shiroro, and Mariga. Additionally, there
are indications of banditry activities in Bauchi State, especially in the
Tafawa Balewa, Bogoro, and Alkaleri LGAs, which are adjacent to Plateau State.
This extensive geographical impact highlights the widespread nature of banditry
across several Nigerian states, underlining the urgency and complexity of addressing
this issue.
The Ye
t to be Successful Approaches
Numerous and persistent kinetic approaches have been employed to
counteract the scourge of banditry, encompassing both formal military
operations and informal civilian efforts. The military strategy entails
extensive army and air force raids on suspected terrorists' hideouts, yielding
marginal success, yet falling short of the anticipated outcomes.
Simultaneously, informal initiatives involving Vigilante groups and the 'Yan
Sakai have been deployed in security-prone areas, only to face challenges in
achieving desired results. Regrettably, these offensives often result in
collateral damages, provoking aggressive reprisals by the bandits, thus leaving
helpless civilians increasingly vulnerable to both military and informal
interventions.
Furthermore, the study uncovers the existence of a peace agreement
initiated by the Zamfara State government in 2016. Although initially
successful in attracting a considerable number of bandits who disarmed and
pledged to renounce their criminal activities, the Amnesty Programme's
long-term success remains elusive. Neighboring states such as Sokoto, Kaduna,
and Katsina have made similar attempts to negotiate peace with bandits in local
communities. However, these states have abandoned their amnesty programs,
citing a lack of purpose and structure. Some repentant bandits have returned to
criminal activities due to the program's perceived failures from both sides.
Moreover, it was discovered that some individuals joined the amnesty program
insincerely, seeking government funds to acquire more arms and resume banditry
activities. Additionally, there were instances where the government
discontinued its mandate to reintegrate repentant bandits, creating skepticism
among bandits who feared participating in peace dialogue initiatives as
potential government deceit that might ultimately fail.
Yearnings of the Actors
Irrespective of the involvement of various ethnic groups and
foreign militias in the upsurge of banditry in the northwest, the Fulanis
remain prominent key actors, evident in the names and faces identified in the
study's excerpts and the expressed aspirations of these actors. Proper
identification and addressing the concerns and aspirations of these actors may
hold the key to bringing an end to the menace.
Highlighted below are some of the grievances and agitations of the
Fulanis, the resolution of which could potentially alleviate tensions in the
region:
i.
Grievances of significant
neglect by government interventions and projects, with respondents expressing
the view that Fulanis are marginalized in terms of benefiting from government
projects directly impacting their lives. This perceived marginalization needs
correction.
ii.
The activities of local
vigilante groups and extra-judicial killings by the 'Yan Sakai, under the guise
of community policing, exacerbate the situation. This has prompted some Fulani
pastoralists to take up arms for self-defense against the actions of local
vigilantes.
iii.
Denial of the Fulani's rights
to attend and sell their cattle at open markets in certain localities in the
region. A respondent from Zamfara cited the killing of his two brothers in
broad daylight at one of these markets as the catalyst for joining a group for
revenge.
iv.
The belief that banditry can
be curtailed if Fulani individuals are allowed to move freely without
intimidation from local communities. Respondents express the view that banditry
can be effectively controlled if their people can interact freely with others
at any time.
v.
A plea for the general public
to refrain from labeling them as terrorist groups since not every Fulani is a
registered member of the bandits.
vi.
Government should proactively
provide social amenities such as access roads, quality education, and grazing
reserves for Fulani livestock.
vii.
Criticism of the kinetic
approaches adopted by the government, particularly air strikes against their
settlements. Some actors expressed significant losses, including family
members, due to army bombardments and call for the immediate suspension of this
strategy.
Recommendations
It is imperative for the government, across all levels, to
earnestly confront and resolve the challenges arising from pastoralist
encroachments on farmlands and farmer encroachments on grazing lands. To
effectively address this complex issue, the establishment of robust laws
regarding reserves is essential, encompassing provisions for fundamental needs
such as water points, veterinary services, schools, and other essential
amenities. A comprehensive approach to addressing the conflicts between
pastoralists and farmers requires the implementation of stringent regulations.
Furthermore, the government should consider designing and
implementing a well-structured compensation strategy to alleviate the losses
incurred during these conflicts. This strategy should be meticulously crafted
to ensure fairness, transparency, and promptness in providing compensation to
affected individuals and communities. It is crucial to recognize and compensate
for the economic, social, and emotional toll that such conflicts inflict on the
lives and livelihoods of those affected.
Lastly, the government should actively engage with and study the
agitations and perspectives of the actors involved in these conflicts. By
carefully examining and understanding their grievances and aspirations, the
government can explore the possibility of incorporating relevant insights into
policymaking and its subsequent implementation. This inclusive approach is
essential for crafting sustainable and effective solutions that address the
root causes of the conflicts, fostering lasting peace and harmony among
different communities in the region.
Conclusion
The study reveals that the current approaches, encompassing both
military action and amnesty programs, have been insufficient in effectively
addressing the issue of banditry in the northwest. In light of this, the
article suggests that the government should consider incorporating the
perspectives and demands of the bandits themselves into their strategies. This
approach could be augmented by the engagement of sincerely repentant bandits,
who might offer valuable insights and assistance. To achieve lasting peace, it
is crucial to address the underlying causes of conflict, particularly those
between pastoralists/herders and farmers. The paper concludes that the
eradication of armed banditry is feasible with a committed and strategic
approach. It recommends that the government thoroughly evaluate and implement
effective strategies to combat the issue regionally and nationally.
Additionally, the government should attentively consider the needs and
grievances of all parties involved, including both the bandits and their
victims. Establishing robust reintegration programs and fostering an
environment conducive to welcoming former bandits back into society are also
vital steps toward a sustainable resolution.
References
Abdullahi, M. M. (2021). “The Impact of Armed Banditry and Human
Displacement on Sustainable Human Development in Zamfara State.” Available at
www.zjpd.com.ng/index.php/zjpd/article/download/29/32
Abiodun R. Oseni (2022). "Addressing root causes of banditry,
terrorism in Nigeria - Punch Newspapers 03/06/2022"
https://punchng.com/addressing-root-causes-of-banditry-terrorism-in-nigeria/?amp
Ahmed, S. M.,
& Palermo, A. G. S. (2010). Community Engagement in Research: Frameworks
for Education and Peer Review. American Journal of Public Health, 100(8),
1380–1387.
https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2009.178137
Aina, F. (2023). “Contested Forgiveness: Unsolicited Amnesty and
the Reintegration of ‘Repentant’ Bandits in Northwest Nigeria”, in Peace
Review, 35:3, Pp. 511-523.
https://doi.10.1080/10402659.2023.2208539
Baum, F., MacDougall, C., & Smith, D. (2006).
Participatory Action Research. Journal of Epidemiology & Community
Health, 60(10), 854–857.
https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2004.028662
Cargo, M.,
& Mercer, S. L. (2008). The Value and Challenges of Participatory Research:
Strengthening its Practice. Annual Review of Public Health, 29(1),
325–350.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.091307.083824
Chambers, R.
(1994). The Origins and Practice of Participatory Rural Appraisal. World
Development, 22(7), 953–969.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750x(94)90141-4
Cornwall, A.,
& Jewkes, R. (1995). What is Participatory Research? Social Science
& Medicine, 41(12), 1667–1676.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(95)00127-s
Egwu, S. (2015). “The Political Economy of Rural Banditry in
Contemporary Nigeria.” In Kuna, M. J. and Ibrahim, J. (eds.) Rural Banditry
and Conflict in Northern Nigeria. A Publication of Center for Democracy and
Development (CDD).
Ewetan, O. O. (2013).
Insecurity and Socio-Economic Development: Perspectives on the Nigerian
Experience. A Lecture Delivered at St. Timothy Anglican Church, Sango-Ota, Ogun
State.
Faruk, B. U. and Abdullahi, M. M. (2022). “The Impact of Armed
Banditry and Kidnapping on Socio-Economic Activities: Case Study of Selected
Local Government Areas in Katsina State, Nigeria.” in International Journal
of Social Sciences and Humanities Reviews, Vol. 12, No. 1. Pp. 308 – 322.
Hassan, I. (2021) Nigeria’s Rampant Banditry, and some ideas on how
to rein it in
‘The problem is that the peace deals negotiated so far are badly flawed and
amateurishly executed.’ in The New Humanitarian published November 8,
2021.
Jagosh, J.,
Macaulay, A. C., Pluye, P., Salsberg, J., Bush, P. L., Henderson, J., Sirett,
E., Wong, G., Cargo, M., Herbert, C. P., Seifer, S. D., Green, L. W., &
Greenhalgh, T. (2012). Uncovering the Benefits of Participatory Research:
Implications of a Realist Review for Health Research and Practice. Milbank
Quarterly, 90(2), 311–346.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0009.2012.00665.x
Maishanu, A. A. (2021). “Why I Went into Banditry – Repentant
Bandit”
The Premium Times, Nigeria, February 23, 2021.
Momale, S. B. (2015). “Changing Methods of Animal Husbandry, Cattle
Rustling and Rural Banditry in Nigeria.” in Kuna, M. J. and Ibrahim, J. (eds.) Rural
Banditry and Conflict in Northern Nigeria. A Publication of Center for
Democracy and Development (CDD).
Mungadi, D. D., Yusuf, S., Jeremiah, S. O., Owa, F. T., Abubakar,
I. A., Agbo-Madaki, A. A., Oyinloye, G. O. And Onibiyo, E. R. (2020). “Roadmap
to Tackling Insurgency, Armed Banditry and Kidnapping in the North West Region
of Nigeria.” in Journal of Xidian University, Volume 14, Issue 10.
https://doi.org/10.37896/jxu14.10/095
Nahuche, L. B. (2022). “The Nature and Consequences of Armed
Banditry in Nigeria: (A Case Study of Sokoto, Kebbi, Zamfara and Katsina
States.” in Bakori Journal of General Studies, Vol. 12, No. 2. Available at
ajol-file-journals_618_articles_223852_submission_proof_223852-7276-546773-1-10-20220408.pdf
Olaniyan, A. & Yahaya, A.
2016. Cows, Bandits and Violent Conflicts: Understanding Cattle Rustling in
Northern Nigeria. African Spectrum, 3:93-105.
Onifade, D. and Aderiye, T. (2022) "Security in Nigeria: How
to End Banditry and Kidnapping with Mercenaries" The Vanguard News. September
9, 2022,
https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/09/security-in-nigeria-how-to-end-banditry-and-kidnapping-with-mercenaries/amp/
Tahir, T. A. and Bernard, U. O. (2022). “Curbing Armed Banditry in
Nigeria: A Panacea for Good Governance.” in Zamfara Journal of Politics and
Development. Vol. 2, No. 2. Pp. 1-11.
http://www.56-Article_Text-99-1-10-20220108.pdf
Vaughn, L.
M., & Jacquez, F. (2020). “Participatory Research Methods – Choice Points
in the Research Process.” Journal of Participatory Research Methods, 1(1).
https://doi.org/10.35844/001c.13244
.
Wallerstein, N., Duran, B., Oetzel, J., &
Minkler, M. (Eds.). (2018). Community-based Participatory Research for Health:
Advancing Social and Health Equity (3rd ed.). Jossey-Bass.
Whitmore, E. (1998). “Understanding
and Practicing Participatory Evaluation”. in New Directions for
Evaluation, 80, 1–104.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ev.1113
.
Wright, M. T., & Kongats,
K. (Eds.). (2018). Participatory Health Research: Voices from around
the World. Springer.
0 Comments
ENGLISH: You are warmly invited to share your comments or ask questions regarding this post or related topics of interest. Your feedback serves as evidence of your appreciation for our hard work and ongoing efforts to sustain this extensive and informative blog. We value your input and engagement.
HAUSA: Kuna iya rubuto mana tsokaci ko tambayoyi a ƙasa. Tsokacinku game da abubuwan da muke ɗorawa shi zai tabbatar mana cewa mutane suna amfana da wannan ƙoƙari da muke yi na tattaro muku ɗimbin ilimummuka a wannan kafar intanet.