Table of Contents
- Abstract
- 1.0 Introduction
- 2.0 Brief History of Gangar Wa’azu Poem and the Writer (Poet)
- 3.0 Methodology
- 4.0 Drought as Portrayed in Gangar Wa’azu
- 4.1 Attitudes of Tyrant Leaders
-
4.2 Remarrying Without Observing the
Prescribed Period (Aure Cikin Idda)
- 4.3 Unwanted Children or Single Parents (Shegu)
- 4.4 Same-Sex Marriage (Sodomy and Lesbianism), Fornication and Gambling
- 4.5 Handling the Glorious Qur’an in a State of Impurity
- 4.6 Abandoning Graves in Ugly Shapes
- 4.7 Denying Giving out Alms (Zakat) of Grains and money (cash)
- 4.8 Waging Wars and Killings mong Muslim Community
- 5.0 Findings and Recommendations
- 6.0 Conclusion
- References
Citation: Bunza, D.B. (2024). Drought as Portrayed in Gangar Wa’azu. Dynamics in the 21st Century Hausa Prose Literature. Tasambo Journal of Language, Literature, and Culture, 3(1), 167-174. www.doi.org/10.36349/tjllc.2024.v03i01.019.
Drought as Portrayed in Gangar Wa’azu
By
Dano Balarabe Bunza, (PhD.)
Department of Nigerian Languages,
Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto.
Email:
danobunza@gmail.com
Phone No. 07035141980
Abstract
The paper aimed at drawing the attention of human beings to the danger of drought to their life: experienced from time to time as a result of the attitudes of tyrant leaders, remarrying without observing the prescribed period a widow or divorcee should wait, bearing children outside wedlock, same-sex marriage, handling the glorious Qur’an in a state of impurity, leaving graves in ugly shapes, denying giving out of alms and waging wars and killings among Muslim community. Drought is meant to serve as a punishment to people for their wrongdoings. As far as people engage in doing wrongs, God may reprimand them in one way or the other for precautions. The paper is meant to serve as a reminder to desist from doing wrong. It discusses thirteen habits or instances or wrongs that bring about drought that are all human makings. Some problems were caused by the people themselves besides the ones that God sent down to his creatures.“God never changes for people unless they change for themselves (Innaallaha laa yughayyiru maa bi qaumin hatta yughayyiru maa bi anfusihim, (Quran: chapter 76, Verse 21). The paper used eleven stanzas of Gangar Wa’azu poem and discovered some instances that cause drought. There are some measures pointed out in the paper as the way out of drought Lastly, rainfall is of great importance; all people face difficulties in life without it which means the importance of rainfall cannot be overemphasized. The paper supports the Hausa saying “In kunne ya jiya jiki ya tsira” and “Tuntu ɓ e mai gyaran tafiya” The paper looks at the importance of rain water to human and animals’ lives and, at the same time lists problems that cause drought. In conclusion, the paper is of the view that disobedience to God is the major cause of all human problems. Again, it cautioned all to be very careful concerning the disobedience to their Creator.
1.0 Introduction
Drought is a long period when there is little or no rain (Macmillan School Dictionary, 226). Life is full of happiness and sorrow. In Islam every action is rewarded whether good or bad (Fa man ya amal misqala zarratin khairan yarah, wa man ya’amal misqala zarratin sharran yarah, (Qur’an). Naturally, some places in the world experience rainfall for some time in a year while others do not. Drought is witnessed where rain is needed in places where farming is practised like Northern Nigeria. Other countries such as Niger, Mali, Benin e t c, are also among those where rainfall is used for the cultivation of cash and food crops (millet, guinea corn, maize, beans, cotton, ground nut, cocoa, kola nut and the rest. There are natural and human causes of drought. Here in the paper, a few man-made causes were mentioned from Gangar Wa’azu (Preaching Drum) poem in which a scholar, by name Malam Ɗ an’iya narrated to his disciples things that cause drought in Islamic perspectives or dogma. The poet mentioned thirteen wrongdoings that engender drought as a punishment to mankind. People are reprimanded to realize their mistakes. Drought serves as a query to human mistakes. The wrongs mentioned in Gangar Wa’azu are not the only ones that cause drought but a few among others and all are of human making. The Holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.) offers prayers due to lack of rain and vice versa. That is why Islam enjoined Muslims to offer prayers for the shortage of rainfall (Salatul Istis ƙ a’i ) and the prayer to subside the rainwater at a time of its abundance. The paper looks at the importance of rainwater to human and animal lives and at the same time lists problems that cause drought.
2.0 Brief History of Gangar Wa’azu Poem and the Writer (Poet)
The name of the
poet is Muhammad Na Birnin Gwari, though some claimed that Malam Iro Mu’azu was
the writer of the poem (In Hausa a
Rubuce: Tarihin Rubuce-Rubuce a Cikin Hausa). He was born in Katsina in the
year of hijra 1178 which is equivalent to 1758. After he was born, his parents
migrated to a town called Sabon
Ɗ
an Halima, near old
Gwari in Birnin Gwari land. He started studying under his father for some years
in Katsina and later travelled in search of knowledge from other learned
individuals. Among the places he went for the search of knowledge include Borno
where he spent five years, Kano where he spent seven years and Sokoto where he
spent three years.
There was also
Gwandu where he spent three years. Wherever he went he combined study with
preaching. Before Muhammadu Na Birnin Gwari became a scholar, he studied under
many teachers who brought him up as a scholar. His father was Malam Jibrin ɗan Idris ɗan Ta
ƙ
iyyi
and Bawangare by the tribe. Malam Muhammadu Na Birnin Gwari wrote many poems in
Arabic and Hausa. He wrote Ma’akusa and
jawahiratu in Arabic, whereby he wrote wa
ƙ
ar Billahi Arumu
, wa
ƙ
ar Kankandiro, wa
ƙ
ar Dumbula, wa
ƙ
ar Durratus Sana
and Gangar
Wa’azu/Bakandamiya all in Hausa language. He was brought up by many learned
individuals. He travelled far and wide in search of knowledge. His parents were
related to Bunza, but those who didn’t know may assume he had no relation with
Bunza, but only Birnin Gwari (Interview with Prof. Aliyu Muhammadu Bunza, one
of Malam Muhammadu Na Birnin Gwari relatives). He wrote many songs related to
Islam in so many aspects of human life as portrayed in Gangar Wa’azu. He listed some of his teachers who taught him
lessons and those who taught his teachers and also his colleagues. He mentioned
one of his teachers who is very brilliant by the name Mallam Dan’iya who
mentioned thirteen things that can cause drought. These are what he said on
issues that may cause drought:
135. Malamina Malam
Dan’iya,
Zuciyarsa
gani kwar ba ido.
My teacher, Malam Dan’iya,
His heart is not blind like the eyes.
136. Ya ce abin da
yake sa ai fari,
Su
goma sha uku na zana muku.
He said “What brings about (causes) drought,
Are thirteen as follows.
Gangar Wa’azu
is one of the Islamic songs written by Malam Muhammadu Na
Birnin Gwari to teach the Muslim community lessons on dos and don’ts slated by
Islam. There are so many aspects of Islam talked about by Malam in his popular
song relating to the life of Muslims, here and hereafter. Gangar wa’azu is also called Bakandamiya
because, all his songs, it was the one that contained more preaching than the
others with different lessons inside.
In the whole of
Hausa land, the poem is well known to all especially when it comes to the side
of preaching. It helps to clarify to the people about dos and don’ts of Islamic
affairs, which helps the Muslim community in running the affairs of their
religion.
3.0 Methodology
The methodology
used in writing this paper includes interviews with learned scholars and other
individuals. Studying the poem before analyzing it is also among the methods
employed in writing the paper. More so, the method of word selection is another
way to foster a quick understanding of the paper. Dictionaries and Hausa
Ƙ
amus
were used to
foster easy understanding and selection of words to convey the simple meaning
of the message to the audience.
4.0 Drought as Portrayed in Gangar Wa’azu
The main purpose of
Gangar Wa’azu is to preach to people
to stop doing bad and continue with good habits. God promised that he would not
change the affairs of the people unless they change them by themselves (Innallaaha
la yughayyiru maa bi
ƙ
aumin hattaa
yughayyiru maa bi amfusihim). Every action is rewarded in Islam either good or
bad. Drought is not the only way of punishing people for their wrongdoings.
There are unlimited ways of rewarding and punishing the servants of God.
Drought is among the many ways of dealing with those who offended the God of
creatures. The Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) said “Whoever did what he liked will see
what he didn’t like, (Man fa’ala maa shaa’a. la
ƙ
iya ma sha’a)”.
Among the causes of drought mentioned in Gangar
Wa’azu by Malam Muhammadu Na Birnin Gwari in his song are thirteen which
reads as follows:
4.1 Attitudes of Tyrant Leaders
Every person is
expected to behave in good manners not otherwise. People are enjoined to behave
the way their prophet did. The prophet (S.A.W.) was of good behaviour/character
as mentioned in the Holy Qur’an where God says “Innaka la ala khulkin azim”
(Surely, you are on good/best character). He is the leader of all and the best
who all are expected to copy from. Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.) is not a tyrant
leader but well-behaved and every person is to copy his behaviour. The writer
of Gangar Wa’azu listed thirteen offences that may cause drought which he heard
from his teacher, Malam Dan’iya who said:
137. Farkonsu zalunci na
sarakuna,
Sannan da takewar
sani gun maluma.
First among the thirteen offences is the transgression by rulers.
Again, religious scholars don’t
practice what they preach.
In the above
stanza, two offences are mentioned by the poet; rulers and scholars who hide
their knowledge or tell people. A tyrant leader is the type of leader who does
not care about the rights and privileges of his subjects/followers. He cheats
them on every issue rather than protecting their interest. They confiscate the belongings
of their subjects and they show no sympathy for any one of them. Leaders are supposed
to protect the interests of their followers in every aspect of life. They
practice injustice rather than justice to the followers; at times their
subjects cried for the injustice of their leaders on all levels of life whether
religious, political, social or other ways the injustice done to people by
their tyrant leaders was among the things that cause drought which God sends down
to human beings as a punishment for the injustice done by leaders to their
subjects.
Allah ordered all
people to do justice to one another and that was why He said “Do justice, verily
is the nearer to the fear of God (I’idiluu
huwa aqrabu lit taqwaa). To this end, it could be concluded that any leader
who is not doing justice to the people is not God-fearing. That was why many
tyrant leaders would go directly to hell fire, for example, Fir’auna (Pharoah).
Not only the
behaviours of tyrant leaders can cause drought but also the habit of religious
leaders who go contrary to their sayings. Going contrary to what a person says
is not a small sin. Therefore, going contrary to what is said by scholars is
among the things that Almighty God hated more than the person who did not know.
For this, the Almighty God asked the learned scholars saying “Why do you say
what you don’t do (Li maa taquuluuna ma
laa ta’alamun?” To God, this is a very serious matter (Kabura maqtan indallaahi an ta quuluu ma la taf’alun) which may
cause drought during the rainy season to serve as a punishment for going
contrary to what religious scholars say. For this, it could be said that the
habit of tyrant rulers and doing what is contrary to what religious scholars
say are the two offences that may cause drought during the rainy season as
mentioned by the poet.
4.2 Remarrying Without Observing the
Prescribed Period (Aure Cikin Idda)
Spacing period is a
period covered before a woman is allowed to remarry (Bargery, 1934:472). Again,
it is a period of menstruation time, not three months as other people think. It
is a period of confirming whether a woman is pregnant or not according to
Islamic law. It is mentioned in the poem that the act of remarrying by women
before they are allowed is what is called marriage in the spacing period. There
is a good example of the issue of remarrying in the spacing period in Akilu
Aliyu’s poem of ‘Yar Gagara where he mentions that most prostitutes remarry
before finishing their allowed period. Thus:
63. Ta fi ganin toshi
da sadaki,
Kullun za ta ta
kwaso kaya.
63. She chooses gift over dowry,
She is every day in haste to park from her house.
64.
Har abada ba ta gama idda,
Sai
kuma ga ta da sabon aure.
64. She never waits until the end of the waiting period,
You will see her with a new marriage.
65.
Yaya aka soma ne ‘Yar Gagara?
Ai ba
a haka. “Kai ni na yi”.
65. What happened ‘Yar Gagara?
This is wrong! Oh, I have done it.
About marrying before the end of the spacing period, the Gangar Wa’azu poet said that it can cause
drought when it becomes rampant. Below are the stanzas to that effect.
138. Amre da idda Allah Ya hana,
In ya yawaita yana
sa ai fari.
Marriage in spacing period (idda) is prohibited by God,
If prevalent, it can cause drought.
4.3 Unwanted Children or Single Parents (Shegu)
Another cause of
drought mentioned by Malam Muhammadu Na Birnin Gwari is getting children
through unlawful ways such as fornication (unlawful sex). This issue is also
related to prostitutes and other women and mature girls. A prostitute is any
woman or girl who engages herself in prohibited sexual intercourse. Through
that, some might become pregnant and get children in that way. They are bastards
since they did not get the children through a good marriage. Fornication is an
evil doing which is not allowed by God but warned people to run away from. God
said, “Do not go near adultery/fornication (Qur’an)”. About this issue, the
poet said what his teacher Malam Dan’iya told them which is among the causes of
drought as follows:
139. Shegu kadan sun yawaita a
duniya,
Jarrabu sukan ri
ƙ
a aukuwa duniya.
When unwanted children were many
in the world,
People will be sanctioned by God from time to time.
The above stanza explains that one of the factors that may cause
drought is illegal childbearing. In this respect, there is a total prohibition
of adultery in Islam by God as explained in the Holy Qur’an. Also, the Holy Prophet
Muhammad (S.A.W.) judged that a person who committed adultery/fornication
should be stoned to death, if he is married and one hundred lashes for
unmarried individuals (Hadith). There is a complete prohibition of illegal
intercourse in the community and if a person is caught committing so must be
punished. This is a reality since Islam knows what is good and bad as related
to human beings. This decree is meant to protect the integrity of every
individual. Also, the issue of illegal childbearing is strongly taken care of
by Islam where it is said, a bastard has no father, therefore he/she will not inherit
any person.
4.4 Same-Sex Marriage (Sodomy and Lesbianism), Fornication and Gambling
Same-sex marriage
is a situation where a man marries another man and a woman marries a woman like
her. A situation where a man marries a man like him is known as sodomy.
Lesbianism on the other hand is a situation whereby a woman marries a woman
like her. Fornication is also called adultery. It is a situation where sexual
intercourse happens between a man and a woman or mature boys and girls. Again,
gambling is a situation of betting money to get more. In Islam, all these are
prohibited in both the Qur’an and the sayings of the prophet (S.A.W.). Concerning
doing the above-mentioned actions the poet said that, his teacher told him that
all of the above may cause drought where he said:
140. Masu ludu da mai yin madigo,
Da masu
ɓ
ata budurwa da yin dara.
140. The sodomises and the
lesbians,
And those engaged in fornication and gamblers
Sodomy is
completely prohibited in Islam by the Almighty God. It was the sin that made God
wipe out the people of Prophet Lut with others. Before the happening, Lut and
his followers were asked to leave the town and later Angels were sent to turn
the town upside-down. Up till today, the judgment for sodomy persons is the death
penalty. Today, some people do it to make money or to obtain high positions
either in politics or something related. In this regard, Suratul Lut is a very
essential reference to believers on the issue of sodomy in Islam. Another
action which may cause drought is when a female goes to another female for
sexual satisfaction. It is not allowed in Islam and whoever (Muslim) is caught
doing so his penalty is sentencing to death. Those who fornicate with mature
girls before marriage may also cause drought to happen. Gambling is also among the
thirteen offences that may cause drought during the rainy season. To this end,
it is clear that the above-listed actions are against the religion of God
(Islam). Whoever indulges in them will suffer and make other people suffer the
challenges of drought.
4.5 Handling the Glorious Qur’an in a State of Impurity
Here, it means taking the glorious Qur’an by a person who
has no purity of body for example, who did not perform ablution or who had sexual
intercourse and takes or picks the book of Allah before taking a bath. This
implies to both male and female and every Muslim who recognize and have respect
for the book. A person who goes to the toilet to ease himself is not allowed to
touch the Qur’an unless and until he uses water to wash the stool or the urine
he passes out. The poet mentioned in his poem (Gangar Wa’azu) that picking holding or touching the Holy Qur’an in
such a state is strongly not allowed and prohibited. Here is what he said about
picking the Holy Qur’an concerning the cause of drought:
141.
Ɗ
aukar kitabullaahi
da jannaba,
Shi ma yana sa ai tsananin
fari.
Picking the book of God in the
state of impurity,
Can also lead to a serious drought.
Picking the Holy Qur’an with impurity is strongly
prohibited by the God of creation. Not only the Holy Qur’an but also its
sections are not allowed to be touched without purity.
In this respect,
the issue involves all people, men and women, boys and girls whether small or
big. This is done to show respect to the book of Allah (Qur’an). The writer cited
a verse of the Qur’an which stands as a rule of God concerning the touching of the
Qur’an where he quotes:
142. Wannan fa zance ba na musu
ba ne,
Kowa yai musun sa
ya dubi Izawaka
The verse of the Qur’an is not
the one to argue,
Whoever wants to argue should refer to the verse of the
Holy Qur’an and see Suratul Waqi’a Verse 56:79.
Besides mentioning
the name of the verse for reference, the poet quoted the name of the chapter
itself to support his argument and clarified whosoever didn’t know the rule with
regards to touching of the Holy Qur’an. The poet made use of the reference to
support the Hausa saying, thus: “Seeing is believing” (Gani ya kori ji).
143. Layamassuhu illal mu
ɗ
ahharuna,
Ayar dalilin hanin
ɗ
auka nasa.
Only those with purity are
allowed to touch it,
It is the verse that prohibits
any person from touching it.
Concerning the touching
of the Holy Qur’an, learned individuals commented about the touching of the
Glorious Qur’an by saying the following:
Some were of the
view that a person who had sexual intercourse should not touch the Holy Qur’an
unless he took a bath. Others said that, even if one is free from impurity, he
should not touch the book unless he performs water ablution or dry/sand ablution
as condition may warrant. In addition, others said women who were in
menstruation and birth period should not hold the Holy Qur’an provided they did
not take the bath of purity.
Again, more explanation on this verse is that whoever needs
to see it should refer to chapter 56, verse 79. This serves as a reference to
those who like to see with their naked eyes.
4.6 Abandoning Graves in Ugly Shapes
Sometimes people experience drought due to neglecting the graves
of pious individuals. That is why up till today, Muslims usually organize
community work to look after the graveyards that have rifted and opened to take
care of them. That was why the poet brought up what their teacher told them,
when the graves of pious people rift it, shall cause drought. Knowing the
danger of leaving the graves open is among the reasons why Muslims go to the
graveyards to see the problems there and take action. This was what the poet reported
from his teacher:
144. Malam ya ce mana
kabarin mummuni,
Kadan ya
ɓ
urme yana sa ai fari.
144. The leaned informed us that the graves of the faithful,
When rifted may also invite a serious drought.
No doubt, there were pious individuals in the world. They are those who keep to what God tells them to do and shun away from doing wrong. They are good people of God and He cannot allow a drop of water into their graves due to their goodness. Going to the graveyards to close the opened graves is among the things to be done when drought is experienced by people. It is obvious that when the graves of pious individuals are opened or rifted, rain will not fall unless they are covered. This has been the tradition since the time of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.).
4.7 Denying Giving out Alms (Zakat) of Grains and money (cash)
Almsgiving is one
of the five pillars of Islam that a Muslim must agree with and obey in his
lifetime. Those wealthy and who cultivate more from their farm
s
that reach the amount (nisab) in what God gives them were
asked to give out some percentage. Besides, there are eight categories of
people whom God ordered to be given the zakat. Whoever gives his alms to people
outside the eight categories prescribed by God did not give out the alms but a
charity (sadaqat). There are two types of alms, that of cash and kinds. Whoever
denies giving out the alms is directly opposing the rule of God, which in the
hereafter will be punished in hell fire. If cash and kinds reached the
prescribed amount to give out zakat, should be given. If denied by people, they
will face the problem of droughts. One should not give zakat to the person he
likes but, one who God ordered to be given. Both males and females give out
zakat provided they possess the means. According to the poet, he reported from
his teacher that:
145. Rashin zakkar
noma da na dukiya,
Inji Malam yana sa
ai fari.
Refusal of giving out alms (that
of grains and cash),
According to Malam may also cause drought.
The poet added that his teacher also lamented on refusal to
give out alms to the needy as among the things that may cause drought. There is
complete and partial refusal of giving out alms. The complete refusal is the
total denial by the owner of the wealth after it becomes compulsory on him. Partial
almsgiving is where a person delay giving the alms when the time is due or gives
some part and keeps some with him. This usually happens when the person considers
the percentage to give out as high; whereby he assumes in his mind that the
wealth will finish if he gives the prescribed percentage according to the law
of God. The attitude of refusing to give out alms is a great sin which may
cause drought. That is why God says “Fear a problem which if it comes will not
touch only those who invite it but will generally involve all”. Refusal to give
out poor rates is confronting the rules of Allah which may also cause drought.
4.8 Waging Wars and Killings mong Muslim Community
War is an intentional fight between two parties for one
reason or the other. Every Muslim is a brother to another Muslim as mentioned
in the Qur’an and the hadith of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.). The blood
of every Muslim is prohibited to another Muslim unless on three issues: A
married man who committed adultery, one who kills another person and one who
leaves the religion of Islam and is called to return to Islam for three days
but refuses should be killed. The issue between Aus and Khazaraj must come here
as an example of attacking and killing each other themselves while they were
all Muslims. The poet heard from his teacher that:
146. Jama’ar Musulmi in sun yi yaki,
Suna kashin juna
yana sa ai fari.
If the Muslim community dwell in
war,
Killing each other may also
cause drought.
Sometimes, Muslims
may fall into a war between themselves due to misunderstandings either due to the
hypocrisy of some people or issues related to relationships. It may be of
worldly affairs or some instigation by Shatan. A best example is the issue of
Aus and Khazraj who were Muslims and brothers to each other. A related issue
also happened in Nigeria between Izala groups though, there is no casualty. The
problem between them is related to leadership which led to a division of the Izala
group into two parts. With the help of God, no killings but, there were many wars
of words during preaching. This is not a hidden issue in Nigeria. If the Muslim
community engaged in war and went to the extent of killing each other is among
the things that may cause drought. In this, there is a serious warning to all
Muslims that they should not fight themselves but look for a way out of any
problem among themselves.
5.0 Findings and Recommendations
From the above
discussion of drought and things that may cause it, the paper finds out that
they are not the only things that can cause drought. This means that there are
others besides them. Again, the paper also finds out that going against the rules
of God causes many problems The paper also finds out that, being obedient to
God makes human beings live good and hitch-free lives in the world. It is also
clear that all bad things that happen to people are due to their actions. More so,
anything good that happens to people is not from them but from God. If any one
of us wishes to live safe he must obey the rules and regulations of God, the
Creator.
The paper recommends
every individual obey the rules of God live happily in the world and have His
mercy in the hereafter. The paper recommends all run away from wrongdoings and
face the reality in life by engaging themselves in doing good. Also, it
recommends all not to underrate bad actions however small they are and always
pray for Allah’s mercy, in the world and hereafter. We must all pray for God’s
forgiveness and mercy since there is no forgiver and merciful except God.
6.0 Conclusion
From the beginning
of the paper, it is titled “Drought as Portrayed in Gangar Wa’azu (Preaching Drum) Poem”. After naming it, the abstract
follows immediately. The introduction and a brief history of Gangar Wa’azu and that of the poet
follow. After that is the methodology of writing the paper. Next to it is the discussion
of the content of the paper which includes the causes of drought by human
beings which read as follows: Attitudes of tyrant leaders, remarrying in
spacing period (Aure cikin idda by women), illegal childbearing, gender
marriage (sodomy and lesbianism), fornication and gambling, picking the
glorious Qur’an without purity, abandoning the graves of righteous people
uncovered refusal of giving out alms (zakat) of cash and kinds to the needy and
attacking and killings of each other between Muslim community at time of
misunderstanding between them (war). The last item is the findings and
recommendations of the paper.
References
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G.P. (1934, 1951,1993), A Hausa-English
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Ahmadu Bello
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Hassal,
(et al) (2004). Macmillan School Dictionary.
Bloomsbury Publishing Plc ans © A & C Black Publishers Ltd, 2005.).
C.N.H.N.,
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Jami’ar Bayero,
Kano. NNPC, (1976). Fasaha A
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Madauci,
I. B. (1970). Gangar Wa’azu. Zaria: N.N.P.C.
N.N.P.C, (1970). Wa
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in Mu’azu Ha
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