Table of Contents
Citation: Abbas, N.I. (2024). Nazarin Tsarin Sauti a Hausar Yamma. Tasambo Journal of Language, Literature, and Culture, 3(1), 239-248. www.doi.org/10.36349/tjllc.2024.v03i01.027.
Nazarin
Tsarin Sauti a
H
ausar
Yamma
Nazir Ibrahim Abbas, Ph. D
Department of Nigerian Languages
Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto
email:
ibrahimabbasnazir@gmail.com
Gsm: +234 8060431934
Abstract
Dialectology is an area of linguistics that is
concerned with the studies of similarities and differences in speech forms of a
particular language. Dialectologists are more interested in studying the
relationship existing in speech forms of a language instead of their differences,
thus, the relationship is what assists greatly in maintaining mutual
intelligibility among the speakers of the same language. Scholars of Hausa
dialectology have classified Hausa regional dialects into two major divisions
of Eastern and Western Hausa dialects. The divisions were based on the
geographical locations and common linguistic features of the dialects that
constituted each of the major groups. A regional dialect can be distinguished with another in a particular language at different levels of linguistic studies
that include; phonetics, phonology, morphology syntax as well the lexicon. This
paper is concerned with the phonological variation of Western Hausa dialects.
The aim of this paper among other things is to bring to the limelight some neglected
Hausa Western dialects that were merged or not included in the earlier division
of Hausa dialects classification. The paper attempts to some extent, study the
linguistic features of the Western Hausa dialects as at the present time. The
Western Hausa dialects that were brought to the limelight in this paper are:
Zamfarci, Kabanci, Arauci, Gobirci and Adaranci Western dialects of Hausa. The
paper has studied the common phonological features of these dialects that
shared a regional boundary in the western part of Hausa land which were earlier
considered as a single Hausa dialect of Sakkwatanci. A research survey was
conducted among a number of speakers in different regions of these
dialects through a questionnaire and recorded interviews to establish the
existence of the dialects as well as their common features and differences that
makes them dialects of one language. The research was also guided by a theory
of Generative Phonology and Dialectology in Generative Grammar.
Findings
of the research
discovered that the western dialects have common phonological features and share
boundaries with each other despite the fact that they have
some
idiosyncratic features tha
t
distinguish them as separate dialects.
1.0
Gabatarwa
Harshen Hausa yana
ɗ
aya
daga cikin manyan harsunan duniya, wanda ya fi kowane harshe yawan jama’a masu
magana da harshe
ɗ
aya a nahiyar Afirka.
Hausawa sun fi yawa a yankin
arewacin Nijeriya da kuma yankin kudancin Jamhuriyar Nijar. Haka ma akwai
Hausawa da yawa a
ƙ
asashen Ghana da Kamaru. Kafin
zuwan Turawan Mulkin mallaka
ƙ
asar Hausa tana da fa
ɗ
i
ƙ
warai da gaske kuma a ha
ɗ
e take
,
duk da yake tana da dauloli
daban-daban. Turawan Mulkin mallaka sun zo Afirka, sun raba ta kashi-kashi.
Wannan rabo ya zama sanadin raba
ƙ
asar Hausa zuwa gida biyu:
Ɓ
angare
ɗ
aya yana Nijeriya ta yau,
ɗ
aya kuma yana cikin Jamhuriyar
Nijar ta yanzu, wato dai
ɓ
angaren Turawan Ingilishi da
Faransawa.
A Nijeriya ta yau,
ƙ
asar Hausa ta yi daidai da sashen arewa maso-yamma da wani sashe na arewa
maso
-
gabas. Da aka raba Nijeriya
jiha-jiha sai aka dace kusan duk
ƙ
asashen Hausa na asali sun
koma jihohi a wannan zamani da muke ciki. Jihohin Hausawa su ne; jihar Bauci da
jihar Jigawa da jihar Kaduna da jihar Kabi da jihar Kano da jihar Katsina da
jihar Sakkawato da kuma jihar Zamfara. Sanadiyyar hul
ɗ
a mai dogon tarihi, wa
ɗ
anda ke amfani da harshen
Hausa a matsayin harshen uwa a yau sun ha
ɗ
a da mutane da yawa daga
cikin al’ummar Fulani.
[1]
Amfani (2016) ya bayyana
harshen Hausa a matsayin harshen Afirka wanda ya fi kowane muhimmanci da ke da yawan
kimanin mutane miliyan 40 da ke magana da shi.
[2]
Hausa
,
harshen uwa ne ga al’ummar Hausawa. Ana amfani da harshen Hausa a
ƙ
asashen Ghana da Kamaru da Sudan da Libiya da wasu sassa na arewaci da yammaci
da kuma tsakiyar nahiyar Afirka. A Jamhuriyar Nijar kuwa (wadda
ƙ
asa ce da ke cikin Afirka ta Yamma kuma ma
ƙ
wabciyar Nijeriya), harshen Hausa shi ne harshen uwa ga fiye da rabin
kason al’ummar
ƙ
asar (Ethnologue
,
Nigeria
,
2000).
Harsuna suna
ƙ
unshe da kare-keren harshe daban-daban a cikinsu da suke da bambamci da
junansu ta fuskar tsari da kalmomi.
[3]
Karin harshe wani nau’i ne na magana a cikin harshe
ɗ
aya wanda ake samu cikin wasu
gungun al’umma mai nau’o’in bambance-bambance a cikinsa da ba su haifar da
rashin fahimta tsakanin masu magana da harshen
,
kuma yana samuwa ne bisa
wasu dalilai na tarihi da zamantakewa da muhalli. Idan harshe ya bun
ƙ
asa ya kuma kasance yana da al’umma da yawa masu magana da shi zai samu
karin harshe musamman idan yana da yankuna daban-daban a cikinsa wa
ɗ
anda da suka bambanta
mazaunin al’umma ko kuma ya kasance yana da bambanci na rukunin al’umma.
[4]
Harshen Hausa yana daga
cikin harsunan da ke da kare-karen harshe daban-daban a cikinsa. Ra’ayi mafi
kar
ɓ
uwa tsakanin malamai shi ne na rarraba wa
ɗ
annan kare-karen harshen Hausa
a manyan rukuna
i
na Gabas da kuma Yamma. Malamai sun yi wannan rabon ne kuwa ta la’akari da
kamannun wa
ɗ
annan kare-karen harshen a
nahawu da kuma muhalli ko yankin da suke a cikin taswirar
ƙ
asar Hausa.
[5]
Fagen nazarin karin harshe
wani
ɓ
angare ne daga cikin nazarin kimiyyar harshe wanda yake nazarin dangantakar kare-karen
harshe na harshe
ɗ
aya da manufar fitowa da
dangantakarsu ta harshe da kuma irin bambance-bambancen da ke tsakaninsu.
Kare-karen harshen Hausa kuwa sun samu gatan manazarta harshe wanda shi ya haifar
da rarraba su a yankunan Gabas da Yamma da kuma yin nazarce-nazarce da yawa a kansu.
Kare-karen harshen Gabas a ra’ayin mafi yawan ayyukan malaman, su ne
:
Kananci da Bausanci da
Zazzaganci da Guddiranci da kuma Dauranci. Kare-karen harshen Yamma kuwa su ne
:
Sakkwatanci da Katsinanci da
Kabanci da kuma Gobirci.
[6]
Wannan bincike yana da
manufar fa
ɗ
a
ɗ
a wannan rabon na kare-karen
harshen Yamma ta hanyar fitowa da
ƙ
arin wasu kare-karen harshen
Hausa na Zamfarci da Gobirci da Adarci da Kabanci da Arauci wa
ɗ
anda ba su samu gata aka yi
nazari sosai a kansu ba. Ma
ƙ
alar za ta fito da siffofin
wa
ɗ
annan kare-karen harshe a babbar kafa ta
Bitar
Tsarin Sauti a Hausar Yamma
tun daga matakin gundarin
sauti har zuwa tsarin sauti tare da misalai daban-daban a cikin kalmomi. Aikin
ya gudana ne bisa ra’in nazarin fagen karin harshe na cikin ra’in nahawun tsirau
na samar da jumla tare da kwatanta bambancin
da ake
samu tsakanin Hausar Gabas da Hausar Yamma.
2.0
Ra’in
B
incike
Ra’in da aka yi amfani da shi
wajen gudanar da wannan bincike shi ne Ra’in Nazarin Karin Harshe
(Generative
Dialectology) na cikin Nahawun Dokokin
Samar da Jumla (an fassara shi da Nahawun Tsirau a wasu ayyuka)
[7]
wanda yake
nazarin fagen karin harshe. Wannan ra’in kuwa wani
ɓ
angare ne a cikin
mazhabar nahawun samar da jumla. Noam Chomsky da Morris Halle
(1968)
ne suka samar da wannan ra’in a
ƙ
ar
ƙ
ashin
Makarantar Nahawun Samar da Jumla
t
a Dokokin Tsarin Sauti (Generative School of Phonology). Tsarin gudanarwar wannan
makarantar kuwa ya yi fice a cikin wani aikin da
Chomsky da Halle suka yi a shekara ta 1968
mai taken The Sound Pattern
of English (SPE)
.
[8]
Ra’in nazarin karin harshe (Generative Dialectology) yana
tabbatar da cewa, ana iya nazarin kare-karen harshe daban-daban a lokaci
ɗ
aya ta
lura da inda suka yi tarayya
r kama
da kuma inda suke da sauye-sauye
.
Wannan
ra’in fagen nazarin karin harshe (Generative
Dialectology)
[9]
yana amfani da wasu tsare-tsaren ra’in Nahawun Samar da Jumla (Transformational Generative Grammar),
musammam wa
ɗ
anda suka shafi Nahawun
samar da jumla na tsarin sauti wajen bayyana siffofin karin harshe na bai
ɗ
aya tare da kwatanta
kare-karen harshe.
Fagen Nazarin Karin Harshe na Ra’in Nahawun Samar
da Jumla kuwa an gina shi a kan matakai uku wa
ɗ
anda suke kula da
sauye-sauyen karin harshe da suka danganci furuci da
ƙ
irar kalma
bisa hasashen cewa ana iya amfani da tsari
ɗ
aya a bayyana kare-karen
harshe masu ala
ƙ
a wa
ɗ
anda ke da bambanci a
(a) dokokin furuci da ke aiki a tsare-tsaren da kuma (b) muhallin da ake amfani
da dokokin da kuma (c) tsarin da dokokin suke bi.
[10]
Tsare-tsaren sun danganci sauye-sauye da dama da ke
fitowa a cikin kalmomi a tsari
ɗ
aya, sauran kuwa sun danganci sakamakon amfani da dokokin da aka tanada.
Wannan shi ke bayyana yadda tanadin harshe yake da kuma yadda masu magana da
harshen
ke
sauya wa
ɗ
annan tanade-tanaden.
An za
ɓ
i wannan ra’in ne domin shi zai bai wa binciken dama wajen nazarin
kare-karen harshen Hausa a matsayin kare-karen harshe
ɗ
aya (na Hausa) masu ala
ƙ
a sosai da
kuma ‘yan sauye-sauye da ke iya tabbatar da ana iya rarraba su daidai da yankunan da suka fito da kuma wasu siffofi da ke
gare su.
An yi amfani da takardun bincike
na cikewa don amsa tambayoyi daga mutanen yankunan kare-karen harshen da wannan
bincike ya yi aiki a kansu wajen samun bayanan da aka yi amfani da su. An kuma yi
hira da mutanen yankunan wadda aka
ɗ
auka a
rikoda, aka kuma yi nazari lokacin da aka kai ziyarar bincike a yankunan.
Bugu da
ƙ
ari
,
an yi amfani da wasu ayyuka da aka
gudanar
da da
ɗ
ewa
a kan karin harshe da kuma
nahawun Hausa.
3.0
Hausar
Yamma
Hausar Yamma ta
ƙ
unshi kare-karen harshen yankin Yamma kamar yadda malamai masu nazarin
karin harshe suka bayyana. Kare-karen harshen Yamma sun samu asali ne daga
rabe-raben kare-karen harshen Hausa mafi kar
ɓ
uwa tsakanin malamai masu
nazarin karin harshen Hausa. Malaman sun raba
ƙ
asar Hausa gida biyu: Yankin Gabas da na Yamma, ta fuskar karin harshe.
Rabon kuma ya yi daidai domin kuwa kare-karen harshen da ke cikin kowane yankin
suna da kamannin sifofi.
Duk da yake akwai amincewa
tsakanin mafi yawan malamai na raba kare-karen harshen Hausa zuwa yankin gabas
da yamma, akwai sa
ɓ
ani tsakanin
ɗ
ai
ɗ
aikun kare-karen harshen da
ake samu a cikin wa
ɗ
annan yankuna. Kare-karen
harshen Yamma da wannan nazari ya yi bincike a kansu su ne; Zamfarci da Kabanci
da Gobirci da Adaranci da kuma Arauci. Ana samun wa
ɗ
annan kare-karen harshe a
yankin yammacin
ƙ
asar Hausa da ke cikin
ƙ
asar Nijeriya ta yau. Wannan bincike yana hasashen cewa malaman da suka yi
wannan rabon na Gabas da Yamma sun kalli taswirar
ƙ
asar Hausa ne suka raba ta a tsaye, wanda wannan shi ne ya bayar da yankin
kare-karen harshen Hausa na Gabas da kuma Yamma.
4.0
Wasu
S
iffofin
Hausar Yamma
Wa
ɗ
annan kare-karen harshen
Hausa na Yamma suna da wasu siffofin harshe wa
ɗ
anda suka tattara su, baya
ga kusanci na muhalli wanda ya sa aka saka su cikin rukuni guda na yankin Yamma.
Kamar yadda aka fa
ɗ
i a baya, cewa fagen nazarin
karin harshe yana bayar da damar nazarin kare-karen harshe masu dangantaka da
juna da kuma hul
ɗ
a tsakaninsu, wannan ne ya
sa za a ga cewa duk rukunin wa
ɗ
annan kare-karen harshen Yamma
suna da ala
ƙ
a a nahawu wadda ake iya
danganta su da juna. Hakan shi ya haifar da taken wannan ma
ƙ
alar na “Nazarin Tsarin Sauti a Hausar Yamma”.
4.1
Siffofin Hausar Yamma na
Ilimin
Gundarin Sauti
da
Ilimin
Tsarin Sauti
Ilimin gundarin sauti da ilimin
tsarin sauti wasu rassa ne guda biyu.
[11]
Ilimin Furuci ya ta’alla
ƙ
a ga yadda harshe yake samar
da sautukansa da kuma rarraba sautukan nasa. Ilimin tsarin sauti kuwa kamar
yadda Sani (2012) ya kawo ya ce: "Ya shafi yadda sautuka na harshe suke aiki
cikin wannan harshe. Kowane harshe na duniya yana da tsarin sauti irin nasa mai
nuni da irin sautuka daban-daban da ya
ƙ
unsa da irin ha
ɗ
uwar wa
ɗ
annan sautuka su ta da kalma
da kuma wasu canje-canje da ake iya samu a sakamakon wannan ha
ɗ
uwar". Akwai dangantaka
tsakanin ilimin furuci da ilimin tsarin sauti domin duk suna magana ne a kan
sauti.
A wannan
ɓ
angare za mu ga wasu
al’amurra da suka danganci siffofin gundarin sauti da tsarin sauti a cikin
Hausar Yamma kamar yadda suka bambanta da wasu kare-karen harshen Hausa na Gabas.
Amfani (1993:2) ya tattauna wasu daga cikin irin wa
ɗ
annan siffofin na furuci da
suka rarraba kare-karen harshen Hausa na Gabas da Yamma. Wasu daga cikin misalan
da ya kawo sun ha
ɗ
a da amfani da sautin /hw/ ko
/h/ a karin harshen Yamma a maimakon sautin /
ɸ
/ a farkon ga
ɓ
ar kalma idan wasalin /a/ ko
/i/ suka biyo bayansa. Haka ma ya kawo le
ɓ
antar da sautin /l/ zuwa
/lw/ a farkon kalma.
Wa
ɗ
annan siffofin da za mu gani
na gama-gari ne da suka shafi dukkan kare-karen harshen Hausa na Yamma da aka
yi nazari a wannan binciken. Yana da muhimmanci a nan, wannan ma
ƙ
alar ta bayyana cewa a wannan Hausa ta Yamma ba a samun bambanci na
ƙ
ari cikin asalin gundarin
ƙ
wayoyin sautukan ba
ƙ
a
ƙ
e da wasulan Hausa da ake da
su na Daidaitacciyar Hausa ba. Abin da kawai
ya
ke faruwa shi ne sauyawar
furucin wasu sautuka na Daidaitacciyar Hausa zuwa wasu sautukan makamantansu na
Hausar Yamma kamar yadda za mu gani a cikin wasu misalai da yawa da binciken ya
kawo. Dukkan wa
d
annan sauye-sauyen bisa ga ra’in da wannan bincike yake aiki a kai suna tafiya
ne bisa wani tsari ko dokokin harshe na musamman da aka tanada.
4.1.1 Sauyawar Sautuka
4.1.1 (a) Le
ɓ
antawa
A Hausar Yamma ana le
ɓ
antar da wasu sautukan ba
ƙ
a
ƙ
e idan suka zo a farkon ga
ɓ
ar kalma kuma wasalin /a/ ya
biyo bayansu. Sautukan su ne: ‘yan han
ƙ
a masu ziza na: /z/, /d/,
/n/, da /l/ da kuma ‘yan han
ƙ
a maras ziza na /s/, /t/,
/s’/, Haka ma akwai sautuka na
ɗ
e harshe masu ziza na /
ɗ
/ da kuma /r/. A yanayin
furuci kuwa ana iya rarraba sautukan kamar haka: /d/ da /t/ sautuka ne ‘yan
bindiga, /s/ da /z/ kuwa zuzau ne, yayin da /n/
ɗ
anhanci, /r/ ra-ka
ɗ
e, /s’/, /l/ kuwa
ɗ
an jirge.
A nan akwai dokoki biyu da ke samar da kowane daga
cikin sauye-sauyen kuma za a
ɗ
auki
d
aidaitacciyar Hausa a matsayin tsari na asali. Doka ta
ɗ
aya ita ce:
Ana nufin bahan
ƙ
e
mai ziza ko mara ziza yana komawa le
ɓ
a-han
ƙ
a mai ziza ko mara ziza idan ya zo a farkon kalma kafin
wasalin /a/.
Ga misalan yadda sauyin yake
a cikin kalmomi
:
Doka ta biyu:
/na
ɗ
e-harshe/
→
/le
ɓ
antaccen na
ɗ
e-harshe/ #
a
Ga misalan yadda
sauyin yake a cikin kalmomi
:
Abin da muka gani a sama
kowane daga cikin wa
ɗ
aannan sautukan an le
ɓ
antar da shi ne bayan ya zo
a farkon kalma kuma wasalin /a/ ya biyo bayansa. Wannan yana faruwa a cikin
kalmomi da yawa na Hausar Yamma duk da yake ana samun togiya ga wannan dokar a
inda ba a samun sauyi a cikin wasu kalmomin Hausa masu irin wannan tsarin. Wasu
misalan irin wa
ɗ
annan kalmomin kuwa su
ne
:
/dá:wà:/
/ná:mà:/
/sá:
ƙ
à:/
/tá:rì:/
/s’á:mí:/
/zágó:/
/lá:mí:
/
ɗ
á:rí:/
/rá:ná:/ da sauransu.
4.1.1 (b) Amfani
da S
autin
/h/
ko S
autin
/hw/
Maimakon Sautin
/
ɸ
/
Daidaitacciyar Hausa tana da
sautuka iri biyu na
/
ɸ
/
da kuma /h/. Sautin
/
ɸ
/
bale
ɓ
e ne, zuzau, maras ziza,
sautin /h/ kuwa
ɗ
an ma
ƙ
wallato ne, zuzau, mai ziza. Haka ma dukkan Kare-karen harshen Gabas da
Yamma suna amfani da wa
ɗ
annan sautukan guda biyu. Hausar
Yamma tana za
ɗ
in amfani da sautin /h/
maimakon
/
ɸ
/
na Daidaitacciyar Hausa mafi yawa a farkon wasu kalmomi musamman idan wasalin
/i/ ko /e/ ko /u/ ya biyo bayan sautin. Haka ma Hausar Yamma tana le
ɓ
antar da irin wannan sautin
na
/
ɸ
/
zuwa sautin /hw/ duk lokacin
da ya zo a farkon kalma kuma wasalin /a/ ya biyo bayansa. Ga misalan yadda
sautukan
su
ke gudana a cikin kalmomi:
A lura cewa a cikin misalan da aka kawo duk da za ɓ in amfani da sautuka mabambanta tsakanin Hausar Gabas da Hausar Yamma, ma’anar kalmomin iri ɗ aya ce ba ta sauya ba, kuma kuma babu wata doka da ta samar da wannan tsarin illa kawai za ɓ i ne na Hausar Yamma wanda yake gudana a wani ke ɓ a ɓɓ en muhalli a cikin wasu kalmomi.
4.1.1 I Amfani da
S
autin
/c’/
Maimakon Sautin
/
s’/
A Daidatacciyar Hausa da
Hausar Gabas akwai sautin /s’/
wanda
sauti ne
bahan
ƙ
e,
tunku
ɗ
au, maras ziza
. Hausar Yamma ma tana da irin wannan sautin na /s’/.
Haka ma Hausar Yamma tana da wani sauti na /c’/
wanda
bagan
ɗ
e ne, tunku
ɗ
au,
maras ziza
. Hausar Yamma tana za
ɓ
in amfani da sautin /c’/
maimakon sautin /s’/ a farkon kalma a wasu lokuta idan wasalin /i/ ko wasalin
/a/ ko wasalin /e/ ya biyo bayan sautin.
A nan za a lura da
cewa,
yayin da Hausar Gabas da Daidaitacciyar Hausa ke da sautin /s’/ kawai.
Hausar Yamma tana da sautuka biyu na /s’/ da kuma /c’/. Ga misalan yadda
sautukan suke gudana a cikin kalmomi: /s’/
: /c’/, /s’/
A nan ma babu wata dokar tsarin sauti da ke bayyana irin
wannan al’amari, abun lura kawai shi ne yayin da Daidaitacciyar Hausa da Hausar
Gabas suke da sauti /s’/ guda, Hausar Yamma tana da sautuka iri biyu, tana da
sautin /s’/ irin na Hausar Gabas haka kuma tana da sautin /c’/ wanda takan yi
za
ɓ
in amfani da kowane daga cikinsu a wajen furucin
kalmominta musamman a farkon kalma idan ya zo tare da wasu sautuka.
4.1.1 (d) Sauyawar
Sautin Wasalin /u/ zuwa /i/
Akwai za ɓ i tsakanin Hausar Gabas da Hausar Yamma wajen amfani da sautin wasalin /u/ da kuma /i/. Wasalin /u/ wasali ne na ƙ uryar baki, na sama, mai kewaya, yayin da wasalin /i/ kuwa wasali ne na gaban baki, na sama, maras kewaya. Hausar Yamma tana za ɓ in amfani da wasalin /i/ maimakon wasalin /u/ na Hausar Gabas a ga ɓ ar farko ta wasu kalmomi masu ga ɓ a biyu zuwa ga ɓ a uku. Wannan sauyin ba ya rasa nasaba da ƙ o ƙ arin sau ƙ a ƙ a magana a wajen furuci da al’ummar yankin yamma ke yi da kuma kusancin sautukan wajen furuci. Bugu da ƙ ari, sauyin sautin wasalin na /u/ zuwa /i/ na Hausar Yamma ba ya haifar da canza ma’ana tsakanin kalmomin na Hausar Gabas da Hausar Yamma. Bincike nan gaba zai tabbatar da dalilan da ke haifar da wannan bambancin sautukan tsakanin kare-karen harshen. Ga misalin yadda al’amarin yake gudana a cikin kalmomi:
Lamba |
Hausar Gabas
|
Hausar Yamma
|
1. |
/búrgè/
|
/bírgè/
|
2. |
/dù:bá/
|
/dì:bá/
|
3. |
/
ʤ
ú:rè:/
|
/
ʤ
ìmré:/
|
4. |
/rú
ɸ
ì:/
|
/ríhì:/
|
5. |
/rú
ɸ
èwá/
|
/ríhèwá/
|
6. |
/shù:ggàbá:/
|
/shìggàbá:/
|
7. |
/shùrú:/ |
/shìrú:/
[12]
|
4.2 Karin Sauti
Karin sauti wani al’amari ne na tsarin sauti wanda ake samu a cikin ga
ɓ
o
ɓ
in kalmomin harsuna masu tsarin
karin sauti a cikinsu. Yip (2002) ta bayyana cewa a
ƙ
iyasi, kimanin kashi sittin zuwa saba’in na harsunan duniya, harsuna ne
masu tsarin karin sauti. Yankuna uku na sassan duniya mafi yawan harsunan da ke
cikinsu masu tsarin karin sauti ne. Wa
ɗ
annan yankunan su ne: Yankin
Afirka da yankin Gabas da Kudu
-m
as
o-g
abas na
ƙ
asashen Asia da yankin
Pacific da Amurka.
[13]
Harshen Hausa yana daga cikin wa
ɗ
annan harsuna masu karin
sauti a ga
ɓ
o
ɓ
in kalmominsu.
Amfani (2011: 144) ya bayyana cewa Hausa harshe ne mai karin sauti a cikinsa kuma karin sauti da tsayin wasali
duk suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bambanta ma’anar kalmomi a cikin harshen.
Bello (2018: 6) ya bayar da
ma’anar karin sauti kamar haka:
Karin sauti a
ɓ
angaren nazarin tsarin
sautin Hausa, yana nufin kaifin sauti ne na furuci ko murya da ke isar da
cikakkiyar ma’ana ga mai sauraro. Kuma wannan karin sauti yana
ɗ
amfare ne da ga
ɓ
ar kalma. Kuma duk harshen
da yake da karin sauti, wannan karin na
ɗ
aya daga cikin ginshi
ƙ
an furta lafazin kalmomin harshen ta fuskar ma’ana da nahawu.
Karin sauti kaifin sauti ne a ga ɓ ar kalma da ake samu lokacin da ake furta kalma da niyyar bambanta kalmar ko fito da sahihiyar ma’anarta. A cikin Hausar Yamma ana samun wasu tagwayen kalmomi masu ma’ana ɗ aya wa ɗ anda karin sautinsu ya bambanta. Ana samun bambancin karin harshe a cikin azuzuwan kalmomin sunaye da sunayen aiki da kuma kalmomin aikatau. Ga misali:
4.2.1 Ajin Sunaye
Lamba |
Hausar Gabas
|
Hausar Yamma
|
1. |
/
Ɂ
à
b
í
nc
í
:/
|
/
Ɂ
à
b
í
nc
ì
/
|
2. |
/
Ɂ
à
lb
â
:sh
í
:/
|
/
Ɂ
à
b
á
:sh
ì
:/
|
3. |
/
Ɂ
àjàbà/
|
/
Ɂ
à
j
à
b
á
/
|
4. |
/
Ɂ
à
kw
à
:t
ì
/
|
/
Ɂ
à
kw
à
t
í
/
|
5. |
/dábí:nò:/
|
/dàbí:nò:/
|
6. |
/hù:lá:/
|
/húllá:/
|
7. |
/kà:wú:/ |
/ká:wù/ |
8. |
/kújè:rá:/ |
/kùjé:rà/ |
9. |
/kûnné:/ |
/kúnnè:/ |
4. 2. 2 Ajin
Kalmomin Sunayen Aiki
[14]
Lamba |
Hausar Gabas
|
Hausar Yamma
|
1. |
/
Ɂ
á
iwátârwá:/
|
/
Ɂ
á
iw
á
t
à
rw
á
:/
|
2. |
/bá:yârwá:/
|
/bá:yárwà:/
|
3. |
/
ƙ
í∫îrwá:/
|
/
ƙ
ì∫írwà:/
|
4. |
/fá:
ɗ
ô:wá:/
|
/fá:
ɗ
ó:wà:/
|
5. |
/gábá:târwá:/
|
/gábá:tárwà:/
|
6. |
/gúdá:nârwá:/
|
/gúdánáwwà:/
|
7. |
/gá:fàrtâwa:/ |
/gá:fàrtáwà:/ |
8. |
/hárdàcê:wá:/ |
/hárdàcé:wá:/ |
9. |
/járràbâwá:/ |
/járàbá:wà:/ |
10. |
/kóyârwá:/ |
/kó:yáwwà:/ |
4. 2. 3 Ajin
Kalmomin Aikatau
Lamba |
Hausar Gabas
|
Hausar Yamma
|
1. |
/
ɗ
âuké:/
|
/
ɗ
áukè:/
|
2. |
/
ʧ
înjé:/
|
/
ʧ
ínjè:/
|
3. |
/jânyé:/
|
/jányè:/
|
4. |
/kwântá:/
|
/kwántà:/
|
5. |
/kjâutá:/
|
/kjáutà:/
|
6. |
/mântá:/
|
/mántà:/
|
7. |
/sânjá:/ |
/sánjà:/ |
8. |
/∫â:rá:/ |
/∫á:rá/ |
4.3 Naso
Naso yana daga cikin
siffofin tsarin sauti na Hausa wanda ake iya bayyana Hausar Yamma da shi. Sani
(2012: 33) ya bayar da ma’anar naso kamar haka:
‘Naso’ na nufin inda wani
sauti ya canja zuwa wani a dalilin zuwansu waje guda cikin kalma.
Schane (1973:49) a nasa
ɓ
angare ya bayyana yadda naso
ke gudana kamar haka:
In assimilatory processes a
segment takes of features from a neigbouring segment. A consonant may pick up
features from a vowel, a vowel may take on features of a consonant, one
consonant may influence another, or one vowel may have an effect on another.
Fassara: A naso wani
ɓ
angaren sauti yana
ɗ
aukar siffar wani
ɓ
angare da suke ma
ƙ
wabtaka. Ba
ƙ
i yana iya
ɗ
aukar siffar wasali, ko
wasali ya
ɗ
auki wata siffar ba
ƙ
i, haka ma wani ba
ƙ
i yana iya tasiri a kan wani
ko kuma wasali ya yi tasiri a kan
ɗ
an
’
uwansa.
Akwai ayyuka daban-daban a
kan naso da suka bayyana
cewa ana samun cikakken naso da ya shafi ba
ƙ
i da ba
ƙ
i (misali: bar
ci da
bacci) da kuma cikakken nason da
ya shafi wasali da wasali (misali: maki
da miki
) da kuma ragaggen nason da ya
shafi wasali da ba
ƙ
i (misali
,
s
ata
da sace
ko kuma ba
ƙ
i da ba
ƙ
i (misali
,
gun
ɗ
a
da gum
ɗ
a
). Cikakken naso shi ne inda sautin ba
ƙ
i ko wasali ya nashe siffofin
ɗ
an
’
uwansa gaba
ɗ
aya ya koma irinsa. Shi kuwa
ragaggen naso shi ne inda furucin ba
ƙ
i ko wasali ya
ɗ
auki
ɗ
aya daga cikin siffofin
furucin ba
ƙ
i ko wasalin da suka yi ma
ƙ
wabtaka. Dukkan sautukan da ke naso a kan junansu za a tarar sautukan ba
ƙ
a
ƙ
e ne ko wasula.
[15]
Ana samun duk irin wa
ɗ
annan nau’o’in nason a cikin
Hausar Yamma akasin yadda suke gudana a Hausa
r Gabas
. Ga misali:
4. 3. 1 Cikakken
Naso na Ba
ƙ
i da Ba
ƙ
i
A nan ba
ƙ
in farko yana riki
ɗ
a gaba
ɗ
aya zuwa ba
ƙ
i na biyu idan aka samu wasalin /i/ ko /a/ ko/ e/ suka biyo bayansa. Ga
yadda dokar take:
Lamba |
Hausar Gabas
|
Hausar Yamma
|
1. |
Ɂ
árzìkí:/
|
/
Ɂ
á
zz
ìkí:/
|
2. |
/
Ɂ
á
rz
ìrtáwá:/
|
/
Ɂ
á
zz
ìttáwá:/
|
3. |
/
ɗ
ànmàhá/
|
/
ɗ
àmmàhá/
|
4. |
/bírní:/
|
/bínní:/
|
5. |
/
ɓ
àrná:/
|
/
ɓ
ànná:/
|
6. |
/gwándà:/
|
/gwáddà:/
|
7. |
/gwánmà:/
|
/gwánnà:/ |
4. 3. 2
Cikakken Naso na Wasali da Wasali
Ana samun kalmomi masu zuwa da jirwayen wasalin /a/ da /i/ da wasalin /u/ da /i/ da kuma /i/ da /u/ a Hausa. Ana kiran wannan nason zumuncin wasula a Hausa. Wa ɗ annan wasulla a wani yanayi suna iya canza ma’anar kalma, amma a irin wannan hali kalma ɗ aya na iya ɗ aukar kowane ɗ aya daga cikin wasalin amma ma’anarta ba ta canza ba. Hausar Yamma tana da za ɓ in da ta fi so wajen amfani da irin wa ɗ annan wasulan daidai yadda suka zo a cikin kalmomi. Ga misalan yadda suke zuwa a cikin kalmomi:
#BaBi# → #BiBi#. Wasalin /a/ ya koma wasalin
/i/ tsakanin ba
ƙ
a
ƙ
e a kalma. (cikakken naso na gaba, na nesa).
4.4 Sauyin Sautukan /n/
da /m/
Ana samun sauyin sautin ba ƙ in /n/ na Daidaitacciyar Hausa zuwa sautin ba ƙ in /m/ a cikin wasu kalmomin Hausar yamma. A irin wannan hali ga alama tsarin sautukan Daidaitacciyar Hausa ya fi dacewa da juna domin kuwa sautukan suna tafiya ne tare da tarayyar wurin furuci da sautukan da ke ma ƙ wabtaka da su. W annan yana nuna sun fi kama da juna a furuci. Sauyin sautin /n/ na Hausar Gabas da Daidaitacciyar Hausa zuwa /m/ da ake samu a Hausar Yamma bai dace da sautin da suke ma ƙ wabtaka ba a cikin tsarin kalmomin. Ga misalin yadda al’amarin yake a cikin kalmomi :
Lamba |
Hausar Gabas
|
Hausar Yamma
[16]
|
1. |
/
Ɂ
á
ns
à:/
|
/
Ɂ
á
ms
à:/
|
2. |
/
Ɂ
á
n∫
ì::/
|
/
Ɂ
á
m∫
ì:/
|
3. |
/gú
n
ɗ
à:/
|
/gú
m
ɗ
à:/
|
4. |
/kú
n
ʧ
ì
:/ |
/kú
m
ʧ
ì:/ |
5. |
/
ɗ
í
ŋk
ì:/ |
/
ɗ
ú
mk
ì:/ |
6. |
/gú
ŋk
ì:/ |
/gú
mk
ì:/ |
7. |
/kú
ɲ
j
à:/ |
/kú
mj
à:/ |
A misalan rukunin kalmomin farko na Daidaitacciyar Hausa za a ga sautukan
/n/ da /s/ da /n/ da /∫/ da /n/ da /
ɗ
/ da kuma /n/ da /
ʧ
/ duk sun yi tarayyar wurin
furuci
ɗ
aya na han
ƙ
a wanda ya haifar da zuwansu tare. Haka ma sautukan /ŋ/ da /k/ sun yi
tarayyar wurin furuci a gan
ɗ
a. Sautukan /
ɲ
/ da /j/ kuwa ‘yan gan
ɗ
a ne. Saboda haka a misalan
rukunin kalmomi na biyu, sautukan ba su da ala
ƙ
a da ma
ƙ
wabtansu domin sautin na /n/
da ke sauyawa ya koma sautin /m/
ɗ
an hanci ne, yayin da sautin
/m/ kuwa bale
ɓ
e ne a wurin furuci.
4.5 Musayar Gurbi
Musayar gurbi ko sauyawar
muhallin sautuka a cikin kalma wani al’amari ne na tsarin sauti wanda ake samu
a cikin wasu kalmomin Hausar Yamma. Wasu daga cikin ra’ayoyan malamai a
kan ma’anar musayar gurbi
sun ha
ɗ
a da;
Jaggar (2001) ya bayyana
‘musayar gurbi’ kamar haka:
Lexical metathesis entails
transposing either consonants in contiguous
syllables or word-internal
abutting consonants, and it occurs, sometimes dialectally, in number of nouns
and verbs.
Fassara: Musayar gurbi a
cikin kalmomi ta danganci canza muhallin wata ga
ɓ
a da ‘yar
’
uwarta cikin kalma ko kuma
canza muhallin ba
ƙ
a
ƙ
e a kalma kuma irin wannan yana faruwa ne a wasu lokuta dalilin karin
harshe a cikin ajin kalmomin sunaye da aikatau.
A Hausar Yamma ana samun irin wannan al’amari na musayar gurbi a cikin
wasu kalmomi. Musayar gurbin da ake samu iri biyu ne. Musayar gurbi na ga
ɓ
ar kalma da kuma musayar
gurbi na ba
ƙ
a
ƙ
e. Musayar gurbi na ga
ɓ
ar kalma yana sauya muhallin
ga
ɓ
ar kalma ne gaba
ɗ
aya daga asalin inda take, yayin
da musayar gurbi na ba
ƙ
a
ƙ
e yake sauya muhallin ba
ƙ
a
ƙ
e daga wurinsu na asali a cikin kalma. Ana samun musayar gurbi ne mafi
yawa a cikin kalmomi masu ga
ɓ
a uku ko hu
ɗ
u. Ga misalin yadda yake
faruwa a cikin karin harshen Hausa na yamma:
4. 5. 1 Musayar Gurbi
na Ga
ɓ
ar Kalma
Lamba
|
Hausar Gabas
|
Hausar Yamma
|
1. |
/
Ɂ
à
l.má.kà.shí:/
|
/
Ɂ
à
l.kà.má.shí:/ |
2. |
/bà. gàa. rú. wá:/
|
/gà. bàa. rú. wá:/ |
3. |
/bó:.
kí. tí:/
|
/bó:.
tí. kí:/
|
4. |
/
ɗ
ìn
. gí. sá:/
|
/gìn.
ɗ
í
.
sá:/
[17]
|
5. |
/gì.
ɗ
í
.
mìr. shí/
|
/
ɗ
i
. gi. mir.
shi/
|
6. |
/tà. kà. nás/
|
/kà. tà. nás/
|
7. |
/là.
Ɂ
á
. kà. rí:/
|
/là. kà.
Ɂ
á
. rí:/
|
4. 5. 2 Musayar Gurbi na Ba
ƙ
a
ƙ
e
Lamba
|
Hausar Gabas
|
Hausar Yamma
|
1. |
/
ɗ
áw. rà. yá:/
|
/
ɗ
ár. wà. yá:/ |
2. |
/
ɗ
ìn. gí. sá:/
|
/gìn.
ɗ
í. sá:/
|
3. |
/gáw. rà. yá:/
|
/gár. wà. yá:/
|
5.0 Kammalawa
Wannan ma
ƙ
ala mai
taken Bitar Tsarin Sauti a Hausar Yamma ta
tattauna wasu al’amurra na tsarin sauti da yadda suke gudana a Hausar Yamma da
kuma akasin yadda suka bambanta a Hausar Gabas (karin harshen Kananci da
Zazzaganci da sauran kare-karen harshe da ake samu a
ɓ
angaren
Gabascin
ƙ
asar
Hausa). Daga abubuwan da binciken ya tattauna a kansu akwai al’amurran gundarin
sauti da tsarin sauti na Hausar Yamma sun ha
ɗ
a da;
sauyawar sautuka da le
ɓ
antar da wasu sautuka da sauyawar
sautuka da kuma amfani da wasu sautuka duk a bisa dokokin tsarin sauti na ra’in
tsirau ko samau na nazarin fagen karin sauti. Bugu da
ƙ
ari, ma
ƙ
alar ta
tattauna bambancin amfani da karin sauti a cikin kalmomin sunaye da aikatau.
Haka ma an kawo yadda naso yake gudana a Hausar Yamma tare da fitowa da musayar
gurbi a Hausar Yamma da yadda ya bambanta da yadda ake amfani da shi a Hausar
Gabas. Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa lalle akwai bambancin tsarin sauti a wa
ɗ
annan
nau’o’in Hausa kuma an kawo
ɗ
a
ɗ
aikun
kare-karen hashen da suka samar da Hausar Yamma a wannan lokacin wa
ɗ
anda binciken
da aka yi a cikinsu ne ya samar da wa
ɗ
annan
bayanan.
Manazarta
Abubakar, A. 2001. An Introductory
Hausa Morphology. Maiduguri: University Press.
Amfani, A. H.
2011. "Hausa Phonology". In Basic
Linguistics for Nigerian Languages. Pp. 139-145. Yusuf, O. (Ed.).
Ijebo-Ode: Linguistic Association of Nigeria.
Amfani,
A. H. 2016. "Hausa as an Emerging Official Language." A Paper
Presented at One Day Colloquim. Department of African Languages & Cultures,
Faculty of Arts, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.
Amfani
,
A. H. 1993. "Aspects of Hausa Dialectology." Research in African Langauges and
Linguistics. Vol. 3. Pp.1-12. Kaduna: Sunnals Press.
Amfani,
A. H. 2016. "Hausa as an Emerging Official Language." A Paper
Presented at One Day Colloquim. Department of African Languages & Cultures,
Faculty of Arts, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.
Bergery, G.P. 1934. A Hausa-English Dictionary & English
Hausa Vocabulary. London: Oxford University Press.
Bello,
A. 2018. Karin Sautin Hausa. Zaria:
Ahmadu Bello University Press.
Boadi, L.A. Grieve, D.
W. & Nwankwo B. 2004. Grammatical
Structure and its
Teaching.
Ibadan: African
Universities Press.
Crystal, D. 2008. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics.
Sixth Edition. UK: Blackwell Publishing.
Elizabeth, C.Z (2013). The Sounds
of Language: An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology. West Sussex. John
Wiley and Sons Ltd
Fagge, U. U. 2012. Hausa Language and Linguistics. Zaria:
ABU Press.
Jaggar, P. J. 1945. Hausa. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John
Benjamins Publishing Company.
Okeke, G. T. 2016.
"Generative Phonology". Pp. 33-55. Mbah. B.M. (Ed.). Nsukka: University
of Nigeria Press.
Newman, P. 2000. The Hausa Language: An Encyclopedic
Reference Grammar
.
United States of America: Yale University
Press.
Sani, M.A.Z. 20
12
. Jagoran
Nazarin Tsarin Sautin Hausa (Ha
ɗ
e da
aikin aji).
Abuja: Al- Amin Publishers Company.
Schane, S. A.
1973. Generative Phonology. New
Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Singleton, D. 2000. Language and the Lexicon: An Introduction.
London: Arnold.
Yim, M. 2002. Tone. UK:
Cambridge University Press.
[1]
Dubi Jaggar P. Hausa
Pp. 1 (2001).
[2]
Dubi Amfani 2016. ‘Hausa An Emerging Official Language’.
[3]
Boadi, L.A.
Grieve. D.W. and Nwankwo, B. (2004:43). Grammatical
Structure and its Teaching.
[4]
Dubi Crystal D.
(2008; 142). A Dictionary of Linguistics
and Phonetics. Sixth Edition.
[5]
Domin
ƙ
arin
bayani dubi Gabatarwa a Bergery, G.P.
(
1934
)
. A
Hausa-English Dictionary & English Hausa Vocabulary.
[6]
Bargery (1934), Amfani (1993), Jaggar (2000), Sani (2003),
Wurma (2005), Sani (2009), Bello (2015) da Bello (2016).
[7]
Generative Grammar , an fassara wannan
da Nahawun Tsirau a cikin littafin Hausa Meta Language da kuma wasu ayyuka,
amma ra’ayin fassararsa a wannan binciken shi ne Nahawun Samar da Jumla domin
aikin ra’in shi ne samar da dokoki daban-daban da ake bi wajen samar da jumla
ko jumloli a harshe ba tsirarwa ba.
[8]
Dubi Theories of Linguistics “Generative Phonology.” Pp.
33-42. Mbah B.M. (Ed.)
[9]
Generative Dialectology
bayani ne na karin harshe kamar yadda yake a
ra’in Nahawun Samar da Jumla. Fassararsa shi ne Fagen Nazarin Karin Harshe da
ke Tafiya bisa wasu Dokoki (Fassarar wucin gadi ta wannan bincike).
[10]
Generative dialectology builds on
this approach and handles differences between dialects in the same way as
phonological and morphological alternations between forms. It works on the
assumption that a single underlying form can be postulated for related dialects
and that these dialects differ in (a) the phonological rules that apply to the
underlying forms and/or (b) the
environment in which the rules apply and/or (c) the order in which the rules
apply. (Dubi Dialectology Chambers &
Trudgil 2004: 46-47).
[11]
A Hausa ana fassara Phon
etics
da Ilimin Furuci
.
Phonology
kuwa Ilimin Tsarin
Sauti. A wannan bincike
an yi amfani da kalmar Ilimin gundarin
sauti wajen fassara Phonetics yayin
da a fassarar Phonology kuwa aka yi amfani da Ilimin Tsarin Sauti.
[12]
Ana samun irin wannan har a cikin kalmomin aro alal
misali; /bú
ř
ó:dì/
→
bí
ř
é:dì/
da /múlkì/
→
/mílkì/
da sabulu
→
sabini
[13]
Don
ƙ
arin bayani dubi littafi mai taken Tone
shafi na. 16, Yim, M. (2001).
[14]
Abin nufi a nan shi ne ‘verbal noun’. Ya zo
da fassara iri-iri kamar ‘babal suna’
da ‘samammen suna daga aikatau’ ko kuma ‘sunan aiki’.
[15]
Domin ƙarin bayani a kan wannan dubi
Amfani (2011:141-142)
‘Hausa Phonology’
a
cikin
Basic Linguistics
for Nigerian Languages.
[16]
HG na nufin Hausar Gabas. HY na nufin Hausar Yamma.
[17]
Wannan
tsarin musayar gurbi yana da ban sha’awa da kuma bambanci da
aura domin kuwa duk da sauyawar muhallin ga
ɓ
o
ɓ
in
ga
ɓ
ar
farko ta kalmar ta ri
ƙ
e ba
ƙ
inta na
ƙ
arshe na /n/ wanda shi ne ya sa ta ci gaba da zama rufaffiyar
ga
ɓ
a
a cikin kalmar.
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