Gobarci: Tsagar Gobirawa A Faifan Nazari

Article Citation: Abdullahi, I. S. S. (2021) “Gobarci: Tsagar Gobirawa a Faifan Nazari” in Maishanu, I.M, Usman, M.T, Gobir, Y. A. Transfomation in Gobir Kingdom Past and Present. Proceedings of International Conference. Faculty of Arts and Islamic Studies, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto. Pages 384–392 ISBN: 13-978-978-59094-4-9

Gobarci: Tsagar Gobirawa A Faifan Nazari

DAGA

Dr. Ibrahim Abdullahi Sarkin Sudan
Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya,
Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo, Sakkwato.
e-mail: ibrasskg@gmail.com
Lambar Waya: 0803 6153 050

1.0 GABATARWA

Baya ga harshe da launin jiki da ƙirar jiki da wasu siffofi na musamman da Allah Ya bambanta al’umomin duniya da su, mutane sukan yi amfani da hikimomi daban-daban wajen banbanta juna. Daga cikin waɗannan hikimomi akwai amfani da aska ko wani abu mai kaifi ko wuta ko tawada wajen zane jiki ta yadda zai bayar da wata alama mai ma’ana idan tabon ya warke ko in wurin ya bushe. Sauran hikimomin sun haɗa da feƙe wasu sassa na haƙuran bakin mutum da huda kunni ko baki da ajiye tukkuwa ko zanko (na gashi) a wasu sassa na kai da dai sauransu. Zanen da ake yi a fuska ko wasu sassa na jiki mutum ya fi fito da wasu saƙonni na musamman ga jama’a. Akwai tabbacin cewa, jinsin baƙar fata na mutane a duniya sun fi yin fice wajen amfani da wannan fasahar duk da yake akwai jar fata kamar ƙabilar Maori ‘yan asalin Plynesia da ke zaune a ƙasar New Zealand da suke aiwatar da al’adar zane jiki bisa wasu dalilai. Wannan maƙala tana so ta mayar da hankali ne wajen dubin wannan al’ada ta tsaga a jinsin Hausawan da ake kira Gobirawa.

2.0   GOBIRAWA

Gobirawa rukuni ne ko jinsi na Hausawan da suka mamaye wasu sassa na kudancin Jamhuriyar Nijar da kuma mafi yawan gabashin Jihar Sakkwato. A halin yanzu ana samun Gobirawa a ƙananan hukumomin Sabon Birni da Isa da Gada a jihar Sakkwato. A Jamhoriyar Nijar kuma Gobirawa sun mamaye sassa da yawa na jihohin Maraɗi da Tahoua da wasu sassa na Agadez. Idan kuma ana maganar garuruwan Gobirawa a Jamhuriyar Nijar, to akwai Tsibiri da Madawa da Ƙwanni da Gidan Runji da dai sauransu. Wani ƙiyasi yana nuna cewa, adadin Gobirawan da ke zaune a cikin Jamhoriyar Nijar sun fi na Nijeriya yawa.

Gobirawa su ne suka kafa Daular Gobir wadda ta bunƙasa kuma ta yi fice a cikin daɗaɗɗun daulolin ƙasar Hausa tun a ƙarni na 8 (Adamu a cikin Ajayi da Uya 2010). Wannan kuwa ba ya rasa nasaba da kasancewar wannan jinsi na Hausawa mutane masu ƙarfin hali da jajircewa wajen yaƙe-yaƙe. Gobirawa mutane ne masu zuciya da ƙarfin hali da rashin ɗaukar raini. Wannan ne ya sa ake yi musu kirari da Gobir ta Bawa kowa kaifi. Tarihi ya tabbatar da samun jarumawa waɗanda suka jagoranci wannan daula kamar su Nafata da Yunfa da Bawa Jangwarzo. Tarihin Hausawa da na kafuwar Daular Usmaniyya wadda ta mamaye ƙasar Hausa ba za ta taɓa kammaluwa ba sai an ambaci Gobirawa. Dangane da wannan suna da ake kiran wannan jinsi na Hausawan kuwa, ya samu ne daga sunan daular. Ana kiran namiji da Bagobiri, mace kuma a ce mata Bagobira, a yayin da ake kiran jam’in nasu Gobirawa.

3.0 TSAGAR HAUSAWA

Ƙamusun Hausa (2006: 449) ya bayar da ma’anar tsaga da:

            Alamar da wanzamai ke yi wa mutum a fuska ko wani ɓangaren jiki don nuna ƙabilarsa ko don ado ko kuma magani.

Wannan ma’ana ta yi ƙoƙarin tabbatar muna da tanadin da Hausawa suka yi na samar da wasu mutane na musamman waɗanda aka ɗora alhakin aiwatar da wannan al’ada a kan su, wato Wanzamai. Haka kuma ma’anar ta nuna alama ce ake yi a jiki saboda wani dalili. To sai dai muhimmin abin da ba a ambata ba shi ne amfani da aska wajen karce wani sashe na jikin mutum ta yadda idan ya warke, tabon zai samar da zane ko sifar ko alamar da ake bukata.

Baya ga ita kanta tsagar, akwai wasu nau’o’i nata da ya kamata a ambata waɗanda za su taimaka wajen fito da tunanin Gobirawa na bambanta kansu da sauran Hausawa ta fuskar tsaga.

Bille	Siririn tsage da ake yi daga gefen hanci zuwa kunci
Kwale	Tsaga da ake yi a tsaye a ƙasan ido
‘Yar baka/cika baki	Tsage ce gado ɗaya caɓa-caɓa da ake yi wa mata a gefen kumatu su haɗe a wutsiyar baki
Wutar ɓota/’Yan uku	Ƙanana tsagar da ake yi guda uku a gefen baki su yi mahaɗa a wutsiyar bakin.

 

4.0 Dalilan Yin Tsaga a Jikin Mutane

Haƙiƙa duk al’ummar da ta ladabtu da juriyar tsaga jiki jini ya fito, tana ba dalilin yin hakan muhimmanci sosai. A wasu al’umomin ma, rashin yin tsagar yakan iya zama laifi ko abin gori. Wannan tunani na tsaga ya bambanta daga mutum zuwa mutum ko daga wata al’umma zuwa wata. Ga wasu daga cikin waɗannan dalilai:

4.1 Nuna Fifiko

Wasu rukunin mutane sukan samar wa kansu da wata tsaga ta musamman ga duk ɗan wannan gida ko zuri’a don kawai su bambanta kansu da sauran jama’a. A duk lokacin da aka ga mutum da wannan tsagar to kai tsaye an san ɗan wannan gidan ne. Misali, gidan sarautar Nufawan Patigi a jihar Kwara suna yin babban bille a gefen daman a fuska ga maza da mata (Patigi 2018)

4.2 Bambanta ɗa da Bawa

Hanya mafi sauƙi da wasu al’umomi suke amfani da ita wajen bambance ɗa da bawa shi ne samar da tsaga ta musamman ga bayi. Duk wanda yake bawa ne za a yi masa tsaga domin a yi saurin shaida shi ko bambance shi da ɗa. Wannan yakan taimaka kowace zuri’a ta tantance bayinta. Idan bawa ya gudu aka kama shi, wannan tsagar za ta taimaka wajen sanin ko na wane ne. Har bayan da aka bar yin bauta, an ci gaba da samun irin wannan tsagar ga waɗansu mutane wanda hakan yake nuna bayi ne a al’ummar da suka fito. Misali, akwai tsagar da ake kira Makitananci na bayin Buzayen Tasawata ta Jamhuriyar Nijar. Wannan tsaga ce da ake yi uku-uku, guntaye a gicciye a kusa da wutsiyar idon dama da hagu (Sallau, 2000).

4.3 Hukunci ga mai laifi

Wasu al’umomi idan wani daga wata ƙabila ta daban ya yi musu laifi musamman a cikin ƙasarsu, daga cikin hukuncin da za a yi masa shi ne tsaga irin tasu ko wata ta daban. Yin haka yakan zama darasi ga sauran ƙabilun da ke kusa da su domin su shiga taitayinsu. Gobirawa suna amfani da wannan dabara wajen yi wa ‘ya’yan Fulani da suka tura shanu suka yi musu ɓarna a gona. (Muhammad 2018).

4.4 Matakin tsaro da kare zuri’a

Daga cikin matakan tsaro da wasu al’umomi sukan tsare akwai yin tsaga domin kauce auka wa juna lokacin yaƙi da kuma bautar da juna. Haka ma tsagar tana sanya wasu ƙabilun su yi taka-tsantsan da masu tsagar ta fuskar samame wajen kama bayi musamman idan al’ummar tana da ƙarfi ta fuskar yaƙi. A maimakon shiga hatsari, sai masu tsagar su sami kariya musamman idan an riga an yi yarjejeniya ko sulhu a tsakanin al’umomin.

4.5 Magani

Hausawa da wasu al’ummomin na duniya sun daɗe suna amfani da tsaga a matsayin hanyar warkar da cuta ko maganin kariya ko na cutar da wani ko biyan wasu bukatu na rayuwa. Sallau (2010) ya yi bayanin nau’o’in tsagar da Hausawa suke yi a jiki a matsayin magani. Misali akwai ɓalli-ɓalli da ƙaho da sauran su. Haka kuma wasu al’umomin sukan yi amfani da damar da suka samu a lakacin yin tsagar gado wajen sa wani magani na kariya ko na sirri da ya shafe su.

4.6      Kwalliya

Akwai tsaga iri-iri da mutane suke yi a jiki domin ado ko don sha’awa. Wannan ya fi shafuwar jinsin mata, amma duk da haka ana samun maza da ake yi wa irin wannan tsagar. Sallau (2010) ya kawo misalan irin wannan tsaga kamar kalangu da ‘yar baka da matakin sauro da takutaha da tagumin gafiya da me-ka-ce-maigida da kwanciya-da-masoyi da sauran su.

 

5.0 Tsagar Gobarci

Gobarci a taƙaice yana nufin tsagar Gobirawa (Ƙamusun Hausa 2006:168, Ɗankusu 2018). Irin wannan suna da ake yi wa tsaga abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare ga kowane irin tsaga na Hausawa musamman wanda ake yi a fuska domin a tabbatar da kasancewar mutum ɗan wannan jinsin. Misali, ana cewa tsagar Katsinanci ko Dauranci ko Mallanci da dai sauran su. Haka kuma akan kira irin wannan tsaga da aska, kamar a ce askar Kabanci. Sallau (2010) da Bargery, (1951) duk sun tabbatar da haka. To sai dai akwai bukatar a fahimci cewa, akwai bambanci tsakanin Gobirci da Gobarci a ilmance. Masana ilimin harshe suna kiran yanayin Hausar Gobirawa da Gobirci (Abbas 2019). Ita kuma kalmar Gobarci, kamar yadda aka nuna a baya, tana nufin tsagar ko askar Gobirawa wadda ake gani a fuskokinsu.

Gobirawa sukan yi wa yaransu wannan tsagar ne idan sun cika mako biyu da haihuwa. Tarihin samuwar tsaga a fuskokin Gobirawa abu ne da ya ci karo da ra’ayoyi da dama. Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan ra’ayoyin na ɗaiɗaikun Gobiwawan ne waɗanda za a fahimci cewa, ga dukkan alamu masana ba su kai matsaya ba a kan samuwarsa. Misali, akwai ra’ayin da ke nuna cewa, Gobarci ta samu ne a lokacin Sarkin Gobir Uwaisu, wanda suke yi wa laƙabi da Kakan Hausa. Wai a lakacinsa ne ya fara tunanin aiwatar da wannan tsagar ga Gobirawa don kawai ya bambanta kansa da sauran Hausawa. (Ɗankusu 2018)

Wani ra’ayin kuma ya nuna cewa, an fara yin wannan tsaga ne a shekarar 1714, lokacin Sarki Soba ɗan Aƙal I. Dalinlinsa na tabbatar da wannan tsagar kuwa shi ne duk wanda ya gan su ya shaida lallai Gobirawa ne. A taƙaice su bambanta da sauran Hausawa (Iddi 2018)

Ra’ayin da ya saɓa duk waɗannan ra’ayoyin shi ne wanda ke nuna cewa, a lokutan da Gobirawa suka yi yaƙe-yaƙe, an taɓa samun ƙasar da ta ci su da yaƙi. Waɗanda suka ci su suka ba su zaɓin ko da su mayar da su bayi ko kuma su yi wa kan su tsaga a fuska ta yadda a duk lokacin da aka gan su za a gane su ne aka ci da yaƙi. Gobirawa suka ɗauki wannan zaɓi na biyu, suka tsage fuskarsu. Tun daga wannan lakaci suka ci gaba da wannan tsaga ta Gobarci har daga baya ya zame musu abin tinƙaho (Muhammad 2018) Matsalar da ke tattare da wannan tarihi shi ne an kasa gano wannan ƙasa da ta ci su da yaƙi da kuma lokacin ko shekarar. Kuma a tarihi ba a taɓa jin wata ƙasa da ta ci gaba da alfahari da cewa su suka tilasta wa Gobirawa yin wannan tsagar ba. Hasali ma dai da yawa daga cikin Gobirawa sun ɗauki wannan tarihin ƙanzon-kurege.

Wani ra’ayin kuma ya danganta samuwar tsagar Gobirawa, musamman wadda ake yi a fuska da lakacin da suka fara auratayya da wasu ƙabilu ka wasu jinsi na Hausawa musamman Kabawa. An nuna cewa, a ƙaƙarin ba kowane ɓangare na jinsin iyayen yaron da aka haifa, sai a yi masa tsaga bakwai a kucin dama a matsayin na gefen uba, a yi masa shida a kuncin hagu domin a fitar wa uwa da nata haƙƙin. Shi kuma bille biyu shi ke nuna ainihin kasancewarsa Bagobiri.

5.1      Nau’o’in Tsagar Gobarci

Tsagar Gobarci ko askar Gobirawa ta kasu kashi uku. A wani ƙaulin kashi huɗu. Ga yadda suke:

5.1.1   Shidda-bakwai

Wannan tsaga ita ce ainihin askar Gobirawa wadda suka yi fice da ita. Ita ce tsaga ta farko da aka nuna an fara yi wa Gobirawa. Haka kuma ita ce aka fi dagantawa da Gobirawa a duk lakacin da aka ga mai ita. A wasu lokuta, ga wanda bai san zubin tsagar ba, yakan danganta wasu jinsuna na Hausawa kamar Kabawa ko Katsinawa ya kira su Gobirawa saboda kamancin tsagar.

Fasalin wannan tsaga, akan yi su ne daga wutsiyar baki zuwa tsakiyar kunci a kwance. An nuna cewa Sarakunan Gobir su suka fara yin wannan tsagar. Don haka su aka sani da zubin shidda-bakwai. Wato shidda a kumatun hagu, bakwai a kumatun dama. Wannan ya shafi duk zuri’ar wani mai riƙe da muƙamin sarauta komai ƙanƙancinta. Su kuma talakawa sai suka rinƙa yin Biyar-shida. Wato biyar a kunci hagu, shida a na dama. Wannan sai ya zama wata hanyar da ake bambanta masu mulki da talakawa. Amma da tafiya ta yi tafiya sai waɗanda ma ba su da alaƙa da gidajen sarauta suka riƙa yin shidda-bakwai don ita ta fi martaba a idon jama’a.

 A wani ƙaulin kuma an nuna cewa, zuri’ar sarakai daga cikin Gobirawa, tasu tsagar takan ɗaga sama, ta wuce tsakiyar kunci inda talakawa suke tsayar da tasu. A taƙaice, tasu ta fi tsayi. Haka kuma kusan duk masu wannan tsagar ta shidda-bakwai akan yi musu bille biyu (Ɗankusu 2018).

5.1.2   Bille biyu (Shatine)

Wannan tsagar wadda wasu suke kira shatine ita ce wadda Gobirawa suka ci gaba da yi har zuwa wannan lakacin, bayan da suka fahimci cewa suna wahalar da ’ya’yansu da raɗaɗin yawan tsagar da ake yi a kunci (shidda, bakwai) sai suka riƙa yin bille biyu kawai. Gobirawa sun yi ƙoƙarin riƙe aƙidar bambanta kansu da sauran Hausawa ta hanyar yin bille biyu. Sun rage al’adar tsagar kuma, sun sauwaƙa wa kansu.

5.1.3   Tsagar baya

Gobirawa a da suna da wata al’ada ta yin tsaga a baya. Yadda wannan tsagar take kuwa shi ne, akan yi tsaga biyu a tsaye a allon baya na kowane gefe (dama da hagu). Sai kuma a zo saman ɗuwawu a yi wasu biyun a tsaye a kowane gefe. Jimilla sun zama huɗu ke nan. Karɓaɓɓen ra’ayi a kan wannan nau’i na tsaga ya nuna cewa shi Gobirawa suka fara yi kafin a fara na fuska (Iddi, 2018). Maƙasudin yin wannan tsagar shi ne a shaida gawarwakin waɗanda aka kashe da waɗanda aka yi wa rauni a wajen yaƙi. Da zarar sun kware bayan mayaƙi suka ga wannan tsaga (shaidar kasancewarsa Bagobiri) sai su yi masa abin da ya dace. Baya da aka samar da tsagar fuska kuma aka bar yaƙe-yaƙe sai suka rage yin wannan tsagar ta baya. Duk da haka an sami masu ra’ayin riƙau da suka daɗe ba su bar yin sa ba. Amma a halin yanzu kusan a ce an bar yin shi.

5.1.4   Gobarcin Yammatawa

Yammatawa a wajen Gobirawa yana su ne ’yan uwansu da ke zaune a wasu wurare yamma da ainihin kwaryar ƙasar Gobir. Daga cikin waɗannan mutane akwai Gobirawan ƙasar Gada ta jihar Sakkwato. Tsagar waɗannan mutane ta bambanta da ainihin askar farko da aka yi bayani a farko (5.1.1) Bambancin su kuwa shi ne, tsagar ta Yammatawa ba ta kai ta shidda-bakwai tsawo ba. Babu wani ƙwaƙƙwaran dalili na yin haka illa bambancin wurin zama da kuma tabbatar da wannan bambanci da ’yan’uwansu na gabas suke yi musu.

6.0      Matsayin Gobarci a wurin Gobirawa

Tsaga a wurin Gobirawa aba ce mai muhimmanci. Tana daga cikin abin da yake ƙara musu kwarjini da alfaharin kasancewar su Gobirawa. Gobirawa suna ganin tsaga ta taimaka musu wajen fito da su da sauran Hausawa. Wannan kuwa bai rasa nasaba da ficen da suka yi na ƙarfin hali da bajinta, musamman a filin daga. Idan da tarihinsu na tsoro da rashin karsashi ko wani abin kunya ne, da sun riƙa ɓoye kamannisu wanda hakan zai sa tsagar ta ɓace. Gobirawa suna daga cikin Hausawan da suke alfahari da asalinsu ta hanyar wannan tsagar. Kasancewar akan yi wannan tsagar ne a lokacin da mutum yake ƙarami, ga waɗanda suka girma ba a yi musu ba, sukan bayar da fuska a tsage musamman idan an yi musu gatse ko gori.

Gobirawa sukan nashe wasu ƙabilu ko jinsunan Hausawa da suka kusance su na lokaci mai tsawo ko suka haɗa auratayya da su ta hanyar yi wa ‘ya’yansu askar Gobarci. Ta haka ne sannu a hankali suke komawa Gobirawa. Sai fa in an waiwayi tarihi a gano cewa, asalinsu ba Gobirawa ba ne. Misali akan sami Katsinawa da Barebari da Zamfarawa da suka saje suka zama Gobirawa ta fuskar tsaga. Gobirawa sun yi imani da cewa, duk mutumin da ya shekara a ƙasarsu yana shan ruwansu to kai tsaye zai zama Bagobiri ta fuskar halaye da ɗabi’u. Har ‘yan shekarun baya, yakan kasance abin kunya ga Gobirawan da ba su sami wannan alfarnar ta tsagar gado ba.

8.0      Kammalawa

Wannan maƙala ta yi ƙoƙarin cimma ƙudurinta na dubar matsayi da muhimmancin askar Gobirawa da ake kira Gobarci. An kawo bayanai a kan mutanen da ake kira Gobirawa da wurin zamansu da dalilan tsaga a jikin mutane. Haka kuma maƙalar ta fayyace abin da ake kira Gobarci da nau’o’inta da kuma dubar tasiri da matsayin wannan al’ada a wurin Gobirawa. Wani abin jawo hankali a kan Gobarci da aka gano musamman a wannan lokaci shi ne raguwarsa a fuskokin Gobirawa matasa. Duk da alfahari a baya da kuma ra’ayin riƙau da wasu suke da shi a yanzu na tabbatar da an yi wannan tsagar a zuriyarsu, waɗanda suka fahimci addinin Musulunci sosai da kuma waɗanda suke zaune a birane sun bar tsaga ‘ya’yansu. Za a ga uba da tsagar Gobarci amma ya ƙi tsaga ‘ya’yansa. Gobirawan da ke zaune a ƙauyuka da masu ra’ayin riƙau su ne gatan Gobarci a ƙarni na 21. Lokaci kaɗai zai tabbatar da wanzuwansa nan gaba. Kamar yadda kaifin Gabirawan yake ƙara raguwa a kullum, haka ma Gobarci.

9.0             Manazarta

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