Dabarun Gudanar Da Bincike a Sauƙaƙe 1

Abu-Ubaida SANI

Department of Languages and Cultures,
Federal University, Gusau, Zamfara State, Nigeria
Email: abu-ubaidallah@fugusau.edu.ng | abuubaidasani5@gmail.com
Site: www.abu-ubaida.com | www.amsoshi.com
WhatsApp: +2348133529736

Za a iya rubuta manazartar wannan rubutu kamar haka: Sani, A-U. (2024). Dabarun gudanar da bincike a sauƙaƙe.  https://www.amsoshi.com/2024/08/dabarun-gudanar-da-bincike-sauae_11.html

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Wannan shafi yana ɗauke da bayanai game da dabarun gudanar da bincike domin ɗalibai da sauran manazarta, musamman a fannin harsuna da adabi da al'adu. Za a ci gaba da sabunta bayanan da ke cikinsa ta la'akari da sauye-sauye da ake samu a fagen ilimi. Muna roƙon duk wanda ya ga wani kuskure a cikin rubutun, to ya sanar da mu ta sashen comment da ke ƙasa domin mu gyara.

Mun gode.

Abubuwan Da Suke Ciki:

Binciken Ilimi

Siffofi/Kayan Cikin Bincike

1.0 Binciken Ilimi

Kalmar “bincike” ta karaɗe rayuwar ɗan’adam ta yau da kullum. Kusan a kowane bagire ana amfani da ita ko kalmomi da ke zaman masu kinin ma’ana a gare ta. A har kullum mutane na kan neman bayanai da suka shafi na zahiri da na baɗini. A kowace rana ba a rasa jin Hausawa sun ambaci kalmomi da ke da alaƙa da bincike (a bagiren yau-da-kullum) irin su “dubawa” ko “nema” ko “diddigi” ko “cigiya” da makamantansu. Bunza, (2017 p. 2) na ganin cewa ire-iren waɗannan kalmomi ne da suka kasance takwarorin kalmar “bincike.” A bisa haka, kalmar na iya ɗaukar ma’anoni da dama masu makamanciyar ma’ana, amma mabambanta ta fuskar manufa da matakan aiwatarwa. 

A bagiren zance na yau da kullum, kalmar bincike tana ɗaukar ma'anoni daban-daban da suka haɗa da:

a. Nemo wani abu da ya faku
b. Nemo wani ko wani abu da ya ɓata
c. Gano dalilin aukuwar wani abu kamar haɗari ko rashin lafiya, da dai sauransu

Kalmomin da suke da kinin ma'ana da kalmar bincike sun haɗa da:

a. Nema
b. Duba
c. Baltono
d. Tottoniya
e. Bin ƙwaƙƙwafi

A ɓangare ɗaya kuwa, binciken ilimi yana da ma'ana ta musamman. Bunza, (2017 p. 22-23) ya kawo ma’anar binciken ilimi bayan nazartar jerin ma’anonin da manazarta daban-daban suka bayar. Ya ce:

Bibiyar diddigin wani abu ta hanyar taliyon mafarinsa da sabgoginsa da yanaye-yanayensa. Bincike shi ne fito da wani abu sabo daga cikin abubuwan da aka sani ko ake gani ko ake ji ko ake amfani da su...

Shehu, (2018 p. 1) ya ba da ma’ana makamanciyar wannan inda yake cewa: “A ilimance, bincike na nufin aiwatar da nazari kan wani al’amari ko abu domin fito da wani sabon abu ko inganta wani abu, ko kuma warware wata matsala domin cimma wani buri ko biyan wata buƙata.”

Za a iya lura da cewa akwai muhimman kalmomi da ke haɗuwa su gina ma’anar bincike. Fahimtar su a matsayin ɗaiɗaikun kalmomi tare da fahimtar alaƙar aikin da suke yi kafaɗa da kafaɗa shi zai ba da hoton zuci na haƙiƙanin ma’anar binciken ilimi. Kalmomin kuwa su ne:

i. Matsala
ii. Manufa/maƙasudi
iii. Matakai
iv. Dabaru
v. Bayanai
vi. Ƙwanƙwancewa/ƙalailaicewa
vii. Sakamako/Mafita

Lura da wannan, ana iya cewa binciken ilimi na nufin tunkarar wata matsala a ilimance cikin bin tsararrun matakai da dabaru bisa manufar tattara bayanai da bin ingantattun matakan tace su da ƙalailaice su don samun sakamako ko mafitar matsalar da ta haifar da maƙasudin gudanar da aikin.

1.1 Matakan Samar Da Rabe-Raben Bincike

Lamarin binciken ilimi bai kasance nau’i guda kai tsaye ba. Yana da nau’uka daban-daban. Har ila yau, ya kasance abu mai sarƙaƙiya wajen rarrabewa saboda yalwarsa da ɓangarorin ilimi da ya karaɗe. (Domin ƙarin bayani ana iya duba Johnson, & Christensen, (2004) da Creswell, (2015) da Kauru, (2015)). Domin sauƙaƙawa da guje wa sarƙaƙewar bayanai, ana iya samar da nau’ukan binciken ilimi a ƙarƙashin alƙaluma mabambanta kamar haka:

1.1.1  Nau’ukan Binciken Ilimi Ta Fuskar Tushen Bayani

A nan ana la’akari da tushen bayanan da mai bincike ko masu bincike suka samo bayanan binciken. Sigogin bincike ƙarƙashin wannan rukuni su ne:

a. Bincike Daga Majiya Ta Farko (Primary Source): Akan tattara waɗannan bayanai kai tsaye daga tushe, waɗanda kuma bayanan sun keɓanta ne ga binciken da ake gudanarwa. Misali, mai bincike na iya amfani da tambayau ko hira da makamantansu domin tattara bayanai game da tambayoyin biniken da yake gudanarwa. Haka kuma, yana iya amfani da dabarar bincike ta ƙurulla/gani-da-ido domin samun bayanai daga tushe.

b. Bincike Daga Majiya Ta Biyu (Secondary Source): Mai bincike ko masu bincike na samun bayanai ne daga majiya ta biyu, kamar littattafai, jaridu, muƙalu, da sauransu. Yana da kyau a lura cewa, majiya ta biyu na iya kasanncewa majiya ta farko a wani nau’in bincike na daban. Misali, hotunan kan intanet na iya zama majiya ta farko ga mai bincike game da wakilcin al’adun Hausawa a kan intanet.

1.1.2  Nau’ukan Binciken Ilimi Ta Fuskar Dalilin Bincike 

A nan akan yi la’akari da dalili ko matakin bincike ta fuskar lura da amfani ko tasirin da sakamakon bincike zai haifar. A ƙarƙashin wannan akan samu sigogin bincike kamar haka:

a. Sauƙaƙaƙƙen Bincike (Basic Research): Wannan nau’in bincike ne mai sauƙin gudanarwa ta fuskar manufar da ake son cimmawa. Misali shi ne bincike domin gano sauye-sauye da ƙarin ra’ayoyi da bunƙasar fahimta a wani fagen ilimi – kamar a ce sababbin salailai a nazarin rubutaccen zuben Hausa.

b. Sarƙaƙƙen Bincike (Applied Research): Wannan bincike ne da ke mayar da hankali wajen samar da mafita ga matsaloli da ke faruwa. Misali na iya kasancewa bincike kan mafarin Boko Haram da matakan kawo ƙarshen matsalar cikin sauƙi.

1.1.3  Nau’ukan Binciken Ilimi Ta Fuskar Fagen Ilimi

Duk binciken ilimi da aka gudanar na faɗawa ƙarƙashin ɗaya daga cikin fagagen ilimi da ake da su. Akan kuma samu binciken da ya haɗa fagagen ilimi sama da guda. Misali, binciken Bunza, (2019) ya haɗa harshe da ilimin lissafi. Binciken Gobir & Sani (2019) kuwa ya shafi al’ada da addini. Manyan sigogin bincike da za a iya samu ƙarƙashin wannan rukuni su ne:

a. Bincike A Fannin Fasaha (Arts-Based Research): Bincike ne da ake ake gudanarwa a fannin fasaha, misali, nazarin jigo da salon waƙoƙin baka.

b. Bincike a Fannin Kimiyya (Science-Based Research): Bincike ne da ake gudanarwa a fannin ilimin kimiyya, misali, bincike a fagen Kemistiri.

c. Bincike A Fannin Kimiyyar Zamantakewa (Social Science-Based Research): Nau’ukan binciken da ake gudanarwa game da siyasa sukan faɗo ƙarƙashin binciken kimiyyar zamantakewa.

d. Binciken Gambizarar Fagagen Ilimi (Multidisciplinary Research): Akan samu lokutan da bincike ya shafi fagagen ilimi sama da guda ɗaya. Babban misali shi ne, fito da tsattsafin likitanci daga rubutattun labaran Hausa. A irin wannan bincike, an samu gambizar fannin fasaha da na kimiyya.

1.1.4  Rabe-Raben Binciken Ilimi Ta Fuskar Nau’ukan Bayanai

Yana da kyau a fahimci cewa wannan na da bambanci da “tushen bayanai.” Nau’in bayanai a nan ya shafi ire-iren bayanan da bincike ya ƙunsa. Kai tsaye ya shafi nau’in bayanan da yadda ake ƙwanƙwance su. A ƙarƙashin rukunin akwai:

a. Binciken Ƙididdiga (Quantitative Research): Wannan sigar bincike ya fi shafar ƙididdigar lambobi. Ya shafi auna alƙaluma ne domin tabbatarwa ko kore ra’o’i ko wata fahimtar da aka ginu a kanta.

b. Binciken Bayani (Qualitative Research): Wannan ya fi shafar tattauna batutuwa. Ya shafi amfani da falsafa wajen ƙirƙirowa ko bankaɗo sababbin batutuwan ilimi ko kuma tattauna waɗanda ke wanzuwa domin kafawa ko bunƙasa ra’o’i da fahimtoci da ake da su.

1.1.5  Rabe-Raben Binciken Ilimi Ta Fuskar Nau’ukan Hujjojin Da Sakamakon Bincike Ya Dogara Da Su

Sigogin bincike sun bambanta idan aka yi la’akari da nau’ukan bayanan da ake kafa hujja da su a cikin binciken. Sannan da su ne ake gina sakamakon bincike.

a. Nazarin Ɓangarori/Ɗaiɗaikun Alƙaluma Domin Tabbatar Da Gama-Gari/Babban Batu (Inductive Reasoning Research): Nazarin da aka yi har ya kai ga sakamakon binciken da ke nuna tsarin karatun 6-3-3-4 shi ne mafita, misali ne na wannan sigar bincike.

b. Ƙalailaice Gama-Garin Alƙaluma/Babban Batu Domin Bayanin Ɓangarori/Ɗaiɗaikun Alƙaluma (Deductive Reasoning Research): Nazarin da ya nuna gazawar tsarin 6-3-3-4 (har aka kai ga samuwar 9-3-4), misali ne na wannan sigar bincike.

1.1.6  Nau’ukan Binciken Ilimi Ta Fuskar Zurfin Bincike: 

Bincike na bambanta ta fuskar zurfinsu. Yayin da waɗansu ke taƙaita kan ƙoƙarin gano ma’anonin batutuwa (concepts), waɗansu na shafar ƙwanƙwance batutuwa a muhallai mabambanta tare da bayanin dangantakarsu da waɗansu batutuwa na daban. Sigogin bincike ƙarƙashin wannan rukuni sun haɗa da:

a. Nazartar Batutuwa (Exploratory): Ya ta’allaƙa ne kan ƙoƙarin fahimtar batutuwa kawai.

b. Bayanin Batutuwa (Descriptive): Wannan ya shafi bayanin batutuwa. Ciki har da ma’anoninsu da nau’ukansu.

c. Ƙalailaice Batutuwa (Explanatory): Wannan ya shafi ƙalailaice batutuwa da ya haɗa da ƙoƙarin ƙwanƙwance ƙalubalensu da guraben amfaninsu da sauran tsarabe-tsarabensu da dangantakarsu da sauran batutuwa.

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Siffofi/Kayan Cikin Bincike

Taken Bincike

Bayanin Marubuci/Marubuta

Bayanin Nau'in Bincike a Binciken Ilimi

Tsakure: Ma'anarsa Da Yadda Ake Tsara Shi

Madogara

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