Ko Harshen Hausa Zai Mutu?

Faculty Seminar Paper Presented at Faculty of Arts and Islamic Studies, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto.

Date: Wed 22 December, 2021   
Time: 10am
Chair: Prof. Sani Umar

Ko Harshen Hausa Zai Mutu?

Daga

Isah Abdullahi Muhammad
Department of Nigerian Languages,
Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto.
Phone: +2347037484144

Tsakure:

Zancen mutuwar harshe darasi ne mai matuƙar muhimmanci da ban sha’awa. Duk da yake ko a fagen nazarin kimiyar harshe, batu ne wanda ba ya da farin jini. Wannan ya sa bai samu kulawar da ta kamace shi ba. Darasi ne mai wuyar samu a nazarin Hausa. Wannan ya sa, a nan, aka ƙudurci kawo batun a bisa faifan nazari. Don fayyace matsayin harshen Hausa, ko dai a matsayin matacce ko wanda yake a kan hanyar mutuwa ko kuma a matsayin harshe mai haɓaka da yaɗuwa. An gina wannan bayani a kan fahintar Crystal (2003, 2014). Wannan nazari ya gano Harshen Hausa sam! Ba matacce harshe ba ne, amma gaskiyar zance yana cikin harsuna masu rauni. Daga cikin hujjojin da suka haifar da hakan a taƙaice, su ne: Mulkin mallaka da halayyar da Hausawa suke nunawa Hausa da kuma barazanar da yake fuskanta daga harshen gama-gari wato ‘Ingilishi’.

Muhimman kalmomi: Harshe, Harshen Hausa, Mutuwar Harshe.

Abstract

The issue of Language Death is very crucial and interesting topic of discussion. Though even in Linguistics it is very rare. And that is why; it is yet to receive a deserving attention. Also, it is very difficult to find in Hausa studies. This paper intends to discuss this issue to identify the status of Hausa language in relation to Language death, whether Hausa is death Language, or viable or unviable language. These issues are discussed based on the opinion of Crystal (2003,2014). Finally, the paper found that Hausa is not a death language but sincerely it is not viable language. And what led Hausa to this status includes: Colonialism, attitudes of Hausa speakers towards Hausa, challenges of global languages such as English.   

Key words: Language, Hausa language, Language death.

1.0              Gabatarwa

Harshe fitacciyar hanya ce kuma tsararriya ta sadarwa ga mutane. A wata fahinta, halitta ce wadda ubangiji ya keɓanci mutum da ita. Duk yadda wata halitta ta laƙanci sarrafa harshe abu ne mai wahala ta kai ga mutum. Haƙiƙa mahalicci, ya mallaka wa ‘yan adam harshe.

Akwai alaƙa ta ƙud-da-ƙud a tsakanin harshe da mutum. Saboda haka, yadda mutum yake da rai wata rana ya mutu. Haka ma, harshe yakan rayu kuma idan lokaci ya yi, ya mutu. Mutuwar harshe, al’amari ne muhimmi a nazarin harshe. Fage ne, da ake nazarin halin da harshe yake ciki dangane da abin da ya shafi haɓakarsa da durƙushewarsa. Mutuwar harshe ba kamar irin mutuwar mutum ba ce, suna da bambanci. A mafi yawan lokuta, akan sami dalili ɗaya, ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutum. Saɓanin harshe wanda dalilai da yawa ne, suke haifar da mutuwarsa. Akan ce harshe ya mutu ne, idan babu sauran mai iya magana da shi a doron ƙasa ( Crystal, 2014).

A taƙaice, daga cikin tambayoyin da wannan maƙala take son ansawa, su ne: Mene ne mutuwar harshe? Ko akwai nau’o’in mutuwar harshe? Waɗanne dalilai ne suke haifar da mutuwar harshe? Waɗanne matakai ya kamata a ɗauka don farfado da harshe daga mutuwa? Tattauna waɗannan batutuwa, sannan da alaƙanta su ga harshen Hausa, zai taimaka wajen gano matsayin harshen Hausa dangane da zancen mutuwar harshe.

Hausa harshe ne da Hausawa (da maƙwabtansu) suke amfani da shi wajen sadarwarsu ta yau-da-kullum. A ƙiyasin da masana suka yi, idan aka haɗa jimillar masu magana da shi a matsayin harshen gado da waɗanda ba Hausawa ba, amma suna cin amfaninsa a fagen sadarwa, to adadin ya zarce miliyan ɗari (Yusuf, 2011). Harshen Hausa, yana daga cikin ‘yan tsatson Cadi, reshe ne wanda ya samo tushe daga babban rukunin harsuna na Afirika da Asiya ( Afro-asiatic).  

 A taƙaice, wannan maƙala tana ƙunshe da waɗannan sassa, kamar haka: Gabatarwa sai ma’anar harshe. Daga nan, sai harshen Hausa. Bayan haka, za a kawo batun Mutuwar harshe a Ilimin harshe. Sai kuma zuciyar tattaunawar wato ƙoƙarin ansa tambayar ko harshen Hausa zai mutu?

2.1 Harshe

Abin tambaya a nan shi ne, mene ne harshe? Ma’anar harshe ana iya kasa ta gida biyu:

a.                  Ma’ana gama-gari

b.                  Keɓantacciyar ma’ana

Ma’ana gama-gari, ma’ana ce wadda aka fi samu daga bakunan masana da ma manazarta. Wato dai ma’ana ce ta kai-tsaye. Da za ka tambayi wani a kan ma’anar harshe zai iya ce maka ‘harshe shi ne magana’. A wani lokaci kuma, a ce maka tsararriyar hanyar sadarwa ce. A mizanin waɗannan bayanai, harshe magana ce kuma sadarwa ce ( Bagari, 1986). Anyanwu (2007:7) ya ce:

Language is a type of patterned human behaviour. It is a way; perhaps the most important way; in which human beings interact in social situations.

Fassara:

Harshe yana daga cikin halaye na ɗan adam wanda yake da tsari na musamman. Haka kuma, wata muhimmiyar hanyar ce wadda ɗan adam yake amfani da ita wajen hulɗayya cikin al’umma.   

  Har wa yau, malamin ya kawo wasu siffofin harshe tara na ɗan adam. Ga su kamar haka:

1.            Harshe fage ne na ƙirƙirar abubuwa ( wato ‘creative’ da Ingilishi).

2.            Harshe wakili ne ba abin da aka furta ba ne. Wato dai, babu alaƙa ta kamanci a tsakanin abin da aka furta da abin kansa ( da Ingilishi, shi ne ‘arbitrariness’).

3.            Harshe gamin-gambiza ne na sautuka daban-daban waɗanda asali ba wata ma’ana suke da ita ba (Wato ‘duality’ da Ingilishi).

4.            Harshe wata hanya ce da za a yi amfani da ita domin yin linƙaya ga abin da zai faru. Ko kuma har ya faru, ba dole ne sai in yana faruwa ba ( wannan shi ne Displacement).

5.            Harshe hanya ce ko kafa ta yaɗa al’ada (wato ‘cultural transmission’).

6.            Harshe al’amari ne da ya ginu bisa wani tsari kuma daki-daki, ba kara zube ba. Wato daga matakin sautuka zuwa kalmomi zuwa jumloli ( da Ingilishi shi ne ‘Pattern congruity’).  

7.            Akwai alaƙa ta dindindin a tsakanin kalmomi da ma’anarsu (Shi ne ‘Constancy’).

8.            Harshe al’amari ne da ba a sanya masa shinge ( shi ne ‘Versatality’).

9.            Harshe wata hanya ce ta bayyana matsayi ko wata ƙwarewa ( wannan shi ne ‘Specilazation).

Wannan dai, ya nuna cewa harshe hanya ce ta yin magana don sadarwa mai siffofi daban-daban.

A keɓantacciyar ma’ana wadda ba ta gama-gari ba. Wato dai, ta keɓanta ne ga fahintar wata mazhaba ko ra’i. A mazhabar Chomsky a karon farko wata halitta ce da take shimfiɗe a cikin jikin ɗan adam wadda take taimaka masa wajen laƙantar harshe, cikin ƙanƙanen lokaci. Kuma laƙanta ta haƙiƙani, wadda take sa idan ka yi kure, ya gyara maka. Wannan harshe ne gama-gari, duk halittar ɗan adam, tana da shi. Sai kuma, ɓangare na biyu, wanda yake nuni ga harshen da kowa yake magana da shi wanda mutum ya tashi cikinsa ( Cook & Newson 2007. Carnie 2013).

2.2 Harshen Hausa

Hausa harshe ne, wanda masu magana da shi (waɗanda suka ƙunshi ‘yan asalin harshen da masu magana da shi a matsayin harshe na biyu) suke amfani da shi wajen sadarwa. Harshe ne wanda ya samo asali daga babban rukuni na harsunan Afirika da Asiya wato ‘Afro-asiatic’. Har wa yau, harshe ne wanda ya faɗo a ƙarƙashin rukunin harsuna ‘yan Cadi. Harshe ne mai a ƙalla masu magana da shi miliyan ɗari (Yusuf, 2011). Wannan ya nuna akwai dimbin masu magana da shi a duniya. Harshe ne mai farin jini. Masana sun shimfiɗa hanoyin uku na nazarin Hausa, wato: Harshe da adabi da al’ada. Shi ko nazarin ana gabatar da shi ne, ta fuska biyu. Idan aka yi nazari a kan wani al’amari na ilimin harshe ko adabi ko al’ada na Hausa cikin wani harshe, to a nan, an ‘yayata’ Hausa. In kuma aka gabatar da nazari cikin Hausa a kan wani al’amari na ilimin harshe ko adabi ko al’ada na Hausa, to an ‘haɓaka’ Hausa. Wannan ya sa, ya zama wajibi ga mai nazarin Hausa, ya laƙanci yayatawa da haɓakawa domin ciyar da nazarin Hausa gaba (Amfani, 2014).

Ikara (1991) ya tabbatar muna cewa duk al’ummar da ake ganin ta yi fice a fagen ilimi na kowane fanni a duniya, idan aka bincika, za a ga ana koyar da ilimi ne cikin harshenta. Wata nau’in bauta ce koyon ilimi cikin wani baƙon harshe. Saboda haka, kamata ya yi, al’umma ta ko yi ilimi cikin harshenta. Sannan ya tabbatar muna cewa, ko kusa ko nesa wata rana, harshen Hausa zai zama harshen ƙasa a Nijeriya. Babban tarnaƙi ga cimma wannan manufa shi ne, matsala mai alaƙa da Hausawa da kuma malaman Hausa. Argungu (2021) ya kawo ɗaukaka ko gata har kashi takwas da Allah ya yi wa Hausa a yau, fiye da duk wani harshe a Nijeriya. Ga su kamar haka:

1.            Hausa harshe ne na manyan dauloli da suka yi suna da fice a tarihin baƙar fata.

2.            Tun kafin zuwan Turawa da salon rubutunsu, Hausawa sun jima suna amfani da salon rubutun ajami.

3.            Hausawa malamai da masu yawo gari-gari don saye da sayarwa, su ma ta hanyarsu Hausa ta barbazu zuwa sassa daban-daban na duniya.

4.            Yaɗa da’awa ta addinin musulunci da ta Kirista cikin Hausa, ita ma ta ƙara bunƙasa Hausa.

5.            Tuni Hausa ta zama wani fage na nazari da bincike tun zamanin Turawa da bayan zuwansu.

6.            Su ma finafinan zamani na Hausa, ba a bar su baya ba wajen yaɗa Hausa.

7.            Hausa ta mamaye sauran harsuna da take maƙwabtaka da su.

8.            Hausa harshe ne wanda ya fi kowane harshe samun masu magana a nan gida Nijeriya. A ƙarshe malamin ya yi hasashen cewa abin da yake faruwa ga Ingilishi, zai faru ga Hausa. Domin yanzu Ingilishi ya wuce, ya zama harshe na wata ƙabila ɗaya tal! Ya zama ruwan dare game duniya. To, Hausa ma tana daf! Da samun wannan matsayi, musamman a Nijeriya. 

 3.1 Mutuwar Harshe a Ilimin Kimiyar Harshe

Ilimin kimiyar harshe, fage ne wanda ake nazari a kan kimiyar da take cikin harshen ɗan adam ( McGregor,2009). Shi ko mutuwar harshe, ɓangare ne muhimmi a ƙarƙashin nazarin Walwalar harshe, inda ake duba halin da harshe yake ciki, dangane da cigabansa ko cibayansa. Zancen mutuwar harshe ya fara samun kulawa ne daga masana harshe daga shekarun 1990. Kamar yadda Crystal (2014:vii) ya bayyana:

In 1992, linguists attending the international linguistics congress in Quebec agreed the following statement:

As the disappearance of any language constitutes an irretrievable loss to mankind, it is for UNESCO a task of great urgency to respond to this situation by promoting and if possible, sponsoring programs of linguistic Organizations for description in the form of grammars, dictionaries and texts. Including the recording oral literatures of hitherto unstudied or inadequately documented endangered and dying languages.

Fassarar marubuci:

A taron ƙasa-da-ƙasa na kimiyar harshe da aka yi a Kyuba shekarar 1992, masana kimiyar harshe, sun yi matsaya a kan cewa:

Haƙiƙa ɓacewar harshe ɗaya a duniya, hasara ce babba ga ɗan adam wadda ba ta misaltuwa. Saboda haka, ƙungiyar kula da harkokin ilimi da kimiya da al’adu ta majalisar ɗinkin duniya ‘UNESCO’ ta ɗaura ɗamarar ɗaukar mataki na gaggawa a kan wannan al’amari ta hanyar ciyar da harsunan gaba. In zai yiwu hukumar (UNESCO) ta shigo ciki ta hanyar ɗaukar ɗawainiya gudanar da aikin. Wanda ya ƙunshi samar da ayuka da suke bayani a kan waɗannan harsuna masu rauni, kamar: Littafan nahawu da ƙamu-ƙamus da gundarin rubuce-rubuce, haɗa da taskace adabin baka na harsunan da suke da ƙarancin rubuce-rubuce, sannan suke a gaɓar shuɗewa.

Wannan ya nuna cewa, akwai matsalar mutuwar harshe a duniya, sannan akwai bukatar ɗaukar mataki. Marubucin (Crystal 2014) ya bayyana cewa kusan rabin harsunan duniya suna a gaɓar mutuwa. A wata majiya ( Newman, 2003) akwai a ƙalla jimillar harsuna 6000 kafin ƙarshen wannan ƙarni rabin waɗannan harsuna za su mutu. Cikin 3000 da suka rage 600 kawai alamu ya nuna za su cigaba da shaƙar iskar duniya. Sauran kuma, za su kwanta dama. Wannan ya nuna kashi 90% daga cikin harsunan duniya za su mutu. Wata babbar musiba da take ƙara rura wutar wannan matsala shi ne, al’ummomi wannan ƙarni hankalinsu yana karkata ne, ga manyan harsunan duniya kamar Ingilishi. Wanda in ba a yi hattara ba, wata rana za a yi wayi gari da harshe ɗaya a duniya. Wadda babbar musiba ce da ba a taɓa tunani ko ji ba, a doron duniya. Wannan ya nuna, akwai buƙatar al’ummar duniya ta mayar da hankali wajen ceto harsuna masu rauni (Crystal, 2014).

Bayan wannan shimfiɗa abin tambaya a nan, shi ne, wai mene ne ‘mutuwar harshe’ ( wato ‘language death’ da Ingilishi). Janse (2003:viii) ya ruwaito ma’anar Campbell (1994:1961) inda yake cewa:

The loss of language is due to gradual shift to the dominant language in language contact situation.

Fassarar marubuci:

Mutuwar harshe shi ne salwantar harshe a dalilin mayar da hankali kacokan ga babban harshe a hali na cuɗanyar harsuna.

Crystal (2014:5) yana cewa:

‘A language dies when nobody speaks it any more’

Fassarar marubuci:

‘Harshe yakan mutu ne idan aka kai zamanin da ba sauran mai magana da shi’

Can kuma a shafi na 14, ya maimaita magana mai kama da wannan:

‘A language is said to be dead when no one speaks it more’

Fassarar marubuci:

‘Ana iya cewa harshe ya mutu idan aka kai zamanin da ba mai magana da shi’

Daga waɗannan ma’anoni, ana iya fahintar cewa harshe yakan mutu idan babu sauran mai magana da shi. Wato dai da zaran al’umma ta yi sakaci har aka wayi gari, ba wani mai iya magana da harshen, sai dai a yi musu ta’aziyyar mutuwar harshensu. Makamanciyar wannan ta taɓa faruwa ga harshen ‘Kasabe’ a lardin Adamawa. Inda aka sami shaidun mutuwar ‘Bogon’wanda aka tabbatar shi kaɗai ne ya rage, wanda ya iya magana da harshen. An tabbatar da mutuwarsa a 5 ga watan nuwamba 1995. Haka ma,ga harshen ‘Uboh’ da yake yammacin ‘Caucasian’ a nahiyar Turai. Shi ma mai iya magana da shi na ƙarshe mai suna ‘Ubykh’, ya mutu ne daidai almurun 8 ga watan oktoba ta 1992. Duk waɗannan harsuna sun shuɗe, kamar ba a taɓa yin su a duniya ba. Ka ga an yi hasarar harshen da adabin da kuma al’adunsu duka sun tafi ba dawowa (Crystal 2014).

Mai harshe yana iya samun kansa cikin ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan halaye:

a.       Musanya harshensa (Language shift): Wato a samu yanayin da al’umma take fifita wani harshe da ba shi kula fiye da nata. Har ta kai, ta bar amfani da harshenta, ta riƙe wanda ba nata ba, tana amfani da shi fiye da nata.

b.      Kuɓucewar harshe (Langugae loss): Shi ne a sami yanayin da mai harshe ya wayi gari, kwata-kwata bai iya magana da harshensa, sai wani harshen.

c.       Kula da harshe (Language maintenance): A nan mai harshe ta kai, yana ɗaukar wasu matakai na kula da harshensa kada ya kuɓuce masa.

d.      Kishin harshe (Language loyalty): A nan kuma, an lura cewa harshe yana fuskantar wata barazana, sai a dalilin haka, a ɗauki matakai na cigaba da amfani da shi(Crystal 2014).

3.1.1 Nau’o’in Mutuwar Harshe

Sasse (1992) ya kawo nau’o’in huɗu na mutuwar harshe, kamar haka:

1.      Mutuwar gaggawa (Sudden death): Mutuwa ce wadda harshe yake yi a dalilin wata annoba wadda ta kashe dukkanin al’umma masu magana da harshe.

2.      Mutuwar kisan gila ( Radical death): Wannan yana da alaƙa da manufofin siyasar danniya, inda za a haramta amfani da wani harshe. Duk wanda ya yi magana da shi, a kashe shi. Wanda bisa tilas, a daina amfani da harshe, ba don rai ya so ba.

3.      Mutuwa ta tsanaki ( Gradual death): Harshe yakan mutu idan al’ummar da take amfani da shi, ta fara daina amfani da shi, ta rungumi wani harshe daban, saboda dalilai masu alaƙa da siyasa da tattalin arziki.

4.      Mutuwa ta musamman (Bottom to top death): Wannan yana faruwa ne a dalilin keɓance amfani da harshe a wani muhalli na musamman. Kamar wajen harakar addini ko wasu bukukuwa da ake yi jefi-jefi.

3.1.2 Dalilan Mutuwar Harshe

Dalilan da suke haifar da mutuwar harshe suna da yawa. To amma, za a kawo manya-manyan dalilan da suke haifar da salwantar da harshe. Waɗannan dalilai suna da alaƙa da: (a) Addini (b) Siyasa (c) Tattalin arziki (d) Mulkin mallaka (e) Yawaita aro.

A cikin littafan addinin Yahudawa da na Nasara, an nuna saboda yawan saɓon da ‘yan adam suke yi, sai Allah ya yi fushi da su, wannan ya sa harsunan mutane suka bambanta saɓanin harshe ɗaya. Wannan yana nuna ke nan samun harsuna daban-daban sharri ne ba alhairi ba ne, ya kamata a yaƙe shi. Ta fuskar siyasa kuwa, da yawa ake samun fito da wasu manufofi da dokoki waɗanda suke illa ne ga ƙananan harsuna. Sannan suna ƙara wa harsuna masu ƙarfi, ƙarfi. Tattalin arzikin masu harshe yana daga cikin abin da yake ƙara wa harshensu ƙarfi da matsayi a cikin al’umma. Su kuma harsunan masu ƙaramin ƙarfi ba za su sami wata kulawa ba. Shi ko mulkin mallaka, tuni ya dasawa ƙananan harsuna tarko, wanda har wa yau suna cikinsa ba ranar fito. Wato dai, ‘yan mulkin mallaka suna da hannu dumu-dumu wajen karya darajar harsunan ƙasa. Sai suka mayar da harshensu a matsayin harshen mulki. Wannan ya sa a kodayaushe, musamman wurare masu muhimmanci ba za a yi amfani da kowane harshe ba, sai harshensu. Haka ma, yawaita aro na ba- gaira-ba-dalili, shi ma yana nakasa harshe, har ta kai wata rana, ya kai ga kashe harshe (Crystal 2014).

3.1.3 Matakan Mutuwar Harshe

Har wa yau, Sasse (1992) ya kawo muna matakai uku na mutuwar harshe, kamar haka:

a.            Musanya harshe (Languge shift): Al’umma saboda wasu dalilai, suna iya karkata ga amfani da wani harshe wanda ba harshensu ba. Sannu a hankali, tun da sun fifita shi bisa amfani da nasu, sai ya zama sanadiyar ajalin harshensu.Wannan ne matakin farko.

b.            Gurɓacewar harshe (Language decay): Wato inda aka sami, al’umma tana amfani da harshe, yadda ta ga dama, ba tare da kiyaye dokokin harshe ba, wataƙila saboda tasirin wani harshe a kan nasu. Wannan ma, yana kai wa ga mutuwar harshe.Wannan ne mataki na biyu.

c.             Mutuwar harshe (language death): Wannan shi ne mataki na ƙarshe. Da zaran masu harshe, suka musanya harshensu, saboda ba su yawan amfani da shi, to zai gurɓata. Bayan gurɓata, sai lalacewa. Daga nan sai mutuwa.

3.1.4 Mizanan Auna Mutuwar Harshe

Masana harshe, sun kawo mizanai daban-daban na auna mutuwar harshe. Amma dai dukkansu ana iya kasa su zuwa manya sassa uku a taƙaice. kamar haka:

a.            Harsuna tsayayyu (Safe languages): Wato harsuna tsayayyu waɗanda ba su tsoron wata barazana. Harsuna ne da suke cikin ganiyarsu.

b.            Harsuna masu rauni (Endangered languages): Waɗannan rukunin harsuna ne masu rauni ta fuskoki daban-daban. Harsuna ne da suke fuskantar barazanar manyan harsuna.

c.             Matattun harsuna ( Extinct languages): Rukunin harsuna ne da suka riga mu gidan gaskiya. (Crystal, 2014).

Waɗannan mizanai an faɗaɗa su, kamar haka: Akan sami harshe tsayayye mai ƙarfi (viable). Kamar harshen Ingilishi, domin harshe ne wanda ya mallaki gida da daji. Sannan kullum aka wayi gari ƙarfi yake ƙarawa. Wannan ya sa ake ganin, shi ne harshe na ɗaya a duniya (Crystal, 2003). Sai masu take masa baya, wato harsuna tsayayyu amma masu matsakaicin ƙarfi (Small viable). Daga nan, sai kuma rukunin harsuna masu rauni (Endangered). Daga cikinsu akwai waɗanda masu magana da su, suna da yawa amma kash! An taƙaita amfani da shi a wurare masu muhimmanci. Akwai waɗanda rauninsu ya yi yawa, tsofaffi kawai ne, suke iya magana da shi, ban da matasa. Da Iniglishi shi ake kira ‘Nearly Extinction’.

Haka ma, Crystal (2014) ya ruwaito bayanan Stephen Wurm wanda ya yi a kan kashe-kashen matakan harsuna masu rauni:

1.      Harsuna da aka tauye ( Potentially endangered): Rukunin harsuna ne masu ƙarfi idan aka ba su dama. Sai dai, manyan harsuna sun tauye su. Ma’ana sun nuna musu ruwa ba sa’ar kwando ba ne.

2.      Harsuna masu rauni ( Endangered languages): A nan, ana nuni ne ga harsuna masu rauni, saboda matasan da suka iya harshen kaɗan ne ba su da yawa. Amma tsofaffi da yawa suka iya harshen.

3.      Harsuna masu matuƙar rauni (Seriously endangered languages): Harsuna da kwata-kwata matasa ‘yan asalin harshen ba su jin harshen, tsofaffi kawai suka iya magana da shi.

4.      Harsunan da suke gaɓar mutuwa ( Moribund): Rukunin ne na harsuna, waɗanda suka iya magana da shi, tsofaffi ne sosai kuma ba su da yawa, ‘yan kaɗan ne. Wato ko cikin tsofaffin ba kowa yake iya magana da shi ba.

5.      Matattun harsuna ( Extinct languages): Rukunin harsuna ne da babu sauran mai magana da su a duniya ( Bunza, 2017).

Dole ne, al’umma ta ankara a kan matakin da harshenta yake. Shin yana cigaba ne ko yana cibaya. Domin kuwa, harshe al’amari ne muhimmi:

a.      Harshe kafa ce ta yaɗa zaman lafiya da hana tashin hankali cikin al’umma.

b.      Harshe yana ƙara inganta tattalin arzikin al’umma, domin zai sauƙaƙa hulɗayyar ciniki.

c.       Samun harsuna da daban-daban a ƙasa, ba musiba ba ce, alheri ne kuma ƙawa ce na al’ummar.

d.     Kar a manta harshe tushe ne kuma asali ne na al’umma.

e.      Harshe taska ce ta tarihi.

f.        Harshe fage ne na ilimi.

g.       Rumbu na kyawawan halayen al’umma.

h.      Kuma rumbu ne na al’adun al’umma. (Crystal. 2014).    

Idan har waɗannan alherai, ana samunsu ta fuskar harshe, ta yaya al’umma za ta yi wa harshenta riƙon sakainiyar kashi?

3.1.5    Ko Akwai Ra’in Nazarin Mutuwar Harshe?

Sasse (1992) ya tabbatar da cewa, ya zuwa yau, babu wani tsayayyen ra’in nazarin mutuwar harshe. Neman ra’in ɓata lokaci ne. Amma duk da hakan, ya yi nasa yunƙurin na samar da wata sahihiyar hanya ta fito da halin da harshe yake cikin matsayin ra’i. Inda a taƙaice, ya kawo abubuwa uku da za a yi la’akari da su. Domin ya nuna duk akasarin nazarce-nazarcen da aka yi baya a kan mutuwar harshe, sun ƙunshi abu uku, sannan ana iya amfani da su don fito da wani ra’i na nazarin mutuwar harshe:

1.      Fito da dalilan mutuwar harshe na waje ( External setting): Kamar dalilai na zamantakewa da siyaya da tattalin arziki.

2.      Dalilai na walwalar harshe, (Speech behaviour): Wato dalilai ne na masu nuna halayyar da mutane suke nunawa harshensu.

3.      Sai dalilai na fasalin harshe ( Structural description): Wato dalilai na tsarin sauti da ƙirar kalma da ginin jumla.

3.1.4        Hanyoyin Farfaɗo da Harshe

Crystal (2014) ya yi bayani mai matuƙar muhimmanci da ma’ana a kan hayoyin da za a bi wajen kare harshe daga taɓarɓarewa da kuma farfaɗo da shi. Na farko abin da za a fara shi ne:

a.         Tattara bayanai a kan harshe don fayyace inda matsalar take. Wanda ya ƙunshi: Adadin masu harshe da muhallin mai harshe yake rayuwa da ɗabi’un da masu harshe suke nunawa harshensu da ra’ayinsu a kan farfaɗo da harshensu da ma yiwuwar farfaɗowa da harshen da kuma yanayin laƙantar harshensu.

b.         Tacewa da fitowa da manyan matsalolin da harshe yake fuskanta.

c.          Cusa kishin harshe ga al’umma.

d.        Fitowa da gangariyar harshe da kare-karensa.

e.         Fahintar da al’umma cewa harshe babban ginshiƙi ne na al’ada.

f.           Kwaɗaitar da al’umma wajen yi wa harshensu hidima.

g.         Ɗaga darajar harshe ta hanyar yaɗa shi da amfani da shi.

h.         Masu harshe su duƙufa wajen haɓaka tattalin arzikinsu. Wato su shiga haraka kasuwanci ka’in-da-na’in, su zama masu ƙarfin faɗa-a-ji a cikin al’umma.

i.           Masu harshe su kasance masu faɗa-a-ji a harakar zartar da dokoki. Wanda zai taimaka ƙwarai wajen samar da dokoki masu ɗaga darajar harshensu.

j.           Masu harshe su yi ƙoƙarin wajen samun ƙarfi-fada-a-ji a harakar ilimi.

k.         Masu harshe mafi yawansu su kasance suna iya karatu da rubutu.

l.           Masu harshe su ƙara ƙaimi sosai wajen yayata harshensu a kafafen yaɗa labarai na zamani.

Abin da yawa, mutuwa ta shigo kasuwa! Malamin (Crystal, 2014), ya tabbatar da cewa muddin masu harshe suka yi amfani da waɗannan shawarwari to ba shakka, harshe zai sami ɗaukaka da cigaba a cikin tsaransa sauran harsunan duniya. Kamar yadda wasu harsuna suka samu, kamar harshen Ingilishi.

A yau harshen Ingilishi, ya zarce duk wani harshe a duniya. Saboda ko, a yau wasu manazarta suna ganin Ingilishi ya wuce ya zama mallakin wata keɓantacciyar al’umma tilo. Sai dai a ɗauke shi a matsayin harshe na alummar duniya (Wato ‘global language’). Wasu suna ganin, in ba a yi hattara ba, za a kai ga lokacin da harshe ‘Ingilishi’ kaɗai zai rage a duniya. Dalilin wannan hasashe, shi ne duba da yadda harshen yake ƙara samun ƙarfi da karɓuwa a duniya. A taƙaice Ingilishi, harshe ne wanda:

a.      Ya mamaye yankin Turai da na maƙwabta, sannan ya faɗaɗa ƙarfinsa a sauran maƙwabta na nesa.

b.      Harshe ne da ƙasashe a ƙalla saba’in suke amfani da shi a matsayin harshen ƙasa.

c.       Harshe mai ƙarfin faɗa-a-ji a siyasar duniya da tattalin arziki da ɓangaren ilimi da harkonin kimiya da fasaha da sauransu (Crystal, 2003).

Abin da yake da muhimmanci a nan shi ne, gano hanyoyin da harshen Ingilishi ya bi, ya kai ga wannan nasara. Wataƙila, wata rana zai yiwu Hausa ta sami makamancinta. Wannan ba zai taɓa samuwa ba, sai in al’ummar Hausawa ta saukar da nauyin da yake bisa kanta na nuna kulawa ga harshenta.

3.2              Ko Harshen Hausa zai Mutu?

Da farko, idan aka koma a kan ma’anar ‘mutuwar harshe’ wanda aka ce harshen da babu sauran mai magana da shi, shi ne mataccen harshe. Idan aka dawo Hausa, tana da miliyoyin masu magana da ita a yau. Saboda haka, ba zancen sanya Hausa cikin matattun harsuna.

Idan aka zo matakin nau’o’in mutuwar harshe, Hausa ta faɗo cikin rukunin harsuna masu mutuwa cikin tsanaki (gradual death). Domin dalilai na barazanar manyan harsunan duniya, kamar Ingilishi. Wanda yake harshe ne wanda ya yi wa Hausa mulkin mallaka. Da kuma halayyar da Hausawa ( musamman ‘yan boko) suke nuna wa Hausa. Harshe yakan sami cigaba ne, idan ya samu kulawar da ta dace. Wannan ya tuno min da maganar Dixon (1997:147) inda yake cewa:

A sad lesson that has been learnt from the study of language death situations is that a community does not realise its language is threatened until it is too late to do anything to remedy the situation.

Fassarar marubuci:

Wani abin takaici da baƙin ciki da masu nazarin mutuwar harshe suka lura da shi, shi ne masu harshe ba su cika hankalta da barazanar da harshensu yake fuskanta ba, sai ta kai ga har alƙalami ya bushe babu abin da za a iya yi don magance matsalar.

Saboda haka, Crystal (2014:205) ya janyo hankalin al’umma cewa:

‘Languages need communities in order to live’

Fassarar marubuci:

‘Harsuna suna da buƙatar tallafin masu su don su rayu’

Haka ma, duk a cikin shafi a wani wurin yana cewa:

If community surrenders its responsibility to outsiders, or even to few persons within community ( such as teachers), tha language will die.

Fassarar marubuci:

Idan al’umma ta kakkaɓe hannuwanta daga ɗaukar nauyin da yake a kan ta (na kula da harshenta) ta bar wa wasu na waje ko kuma ta bar wa mutane ƙalilan (kamar malaman harshe) to harshe zai mutu.

Wannan ya nuna ciyar da harshe gaba ɗawainiya ce ta kowa-da-kowa na cikin al’umma.

A haƙiƙanin gaskiya, harshen Hausa yana maraicin tallafin masu shi. Wanda idan ba a yi wani abu ba, wata rana Hausawa za su girbi abin da suka shuka.

Abu na gaba, shi ne idan aka kalli harshen Hausa a bisa matakai na mutuwar harshe, wato: (a) musanya harshe (language shift) (b) gurɓacewar harshe (language decay) (c) mutuwar harshe (language death). Rukunin Hausawa musamman ‘yan boko, matasansu da manyansu, sun faɗa cikin wannan rukuni, kwata-kwata wasu daga cikinsu, suna ganin ba ko’ina ya kamata a yi amfani da harshen Hausa ba, duk abu na musamman to, sai dai a yi amfani da harshen Ingilishi. Wasu har a gidajensu, ba a barin yaro ya yi amfani da harshen Hausa, sai dai Turanci. Wannan ya nuna sun musanya harshensu na asali da harshen aro. Irin wannan hali na ƙyamatar harshensu na asali, sai a wayi gari su ko, harshen Hausa ya buwaye su. A wannan lokaci, ko da suna son yin magana da Hausa, ba za su iya ba, sai dai su yi magana da gurɓatacciyar Hausa (wato nunar rana) ba dai gangariyar Hausa ba. A taƙaice dai, sha’awar Hausa ga matasan Hausawa tana raguwa ainun.

A ɓangaren mizanan auna mutuwar harshe, kamar yadda aka nuna can baya cewa, manyan mizanan auna mutuwar harshe uku ne: (a) Tsayuwa (safe) da (b) Rauni ( Endangered) (c) Mutuwa (Extinction). Ita tsayuwar harshe ta kasu gida biyu: (i) tsayuwa mai faɗi: Inda harshe zai kasance shi ne harshen ƙasa a tushensa, da ma a wasu sauran ƙasashen duniya. Inda ba shi ne harshen ƙasa ba, to, yana da matsayi na musamman. (ii) tsayuwa taƙaitacciya: Inda aka sami harshe ya zama harshen ƙasa a tushensa kawai. Amma bai da wani matsayi, a sauran sassa na duniya. Hausa ba ta daga cikin waɗannan da aka ambata ba. Idan aka waiwaya a ɓangaren mizanan raunin harshe.

(i)           Raunin na farko: Mataki ne inda ake samun kakanni da iyaye da yara duk suna magana da harshensu. Sai dai, saboda wasu dalilai, sun sanya ba a ko’ina suke da damar yin amfani da shi ba. Wataƙila, saboda barazanar manyan harsuna duniya, ya haifar da hakan. Hausa tana fuskantar wannan rauni a yau.

(ii)         Matakin rauni na biyu: Rauni ne wanda ake samun kakanni sun iya kuma suna magana da shi. Iyaye sun iya amma ba su magana da shi ga ‘ya’yansu, balle yaransu su iya.

(iii)      Rauni na uku: Rauni ne mai muni, inda ake samun wani ɓangare na kakanni sun iya harshensu kuma suna magana da shi. Amma ‘ya’yansu ba su iya, balle jikoki su koya. A wannan mataki ne ake fara bankwana da harshe.

Daga ɗan abin da aka tattauna a sama, ana iya hango cewa harshen Hausa, ya faɗo cikin harsuna masu rauni ne, saboda waɗannan dalilai:

1.            Halayyar da Hausawa suke nuna wa Hausa.

2.            Mulkin mallaka.

3.            Yanayi na siyasa da tattalin arziki na duniya.

To, idan aka gano akwai matsala, kuma an yarda akwai matsala, ita ma nasara ce babba. To, me ya kamata a yi? A shafi na goma, an kawo hanyoyin da ya kamata a bi, domin farfaɗowa da raunin harshe. To, domin ƙara ɗaga darajar Hausa da ƙarfafa ta a duniya, ana iya gwada waɗannan hanyoyi da Crystal (2014) ya kawo. Na farko:

a.            Tattara bayanai a rubuce na matsalolin da harshen Hausa yake fuskanta. Don a san me za a fara yi.

b.            Tacewa don fito da manyan matsaloli, sa a fara da su.

c.             Ƙara azama wajen taskace daidatacciyar Hausa da kare-karenta.

d.           Dole Hausawa su ƙara zage-dantse wajen haɓaka tattalin arzikinsu.

e.            A ƙara himma wajen ganin Hausa ta ƙara samun ƙarfin faɗa-a-ji a majalisun dokoki.

f.              Sannan Hausawa su ƙara himma a fagen Ilimi, domin nan ma a su sami ƙarfin faɗa-a-ji.

g.            Al’ummar Hausawa ta kasance mafi yawansu sun iya karatu da rubutu.

h.            A cigaba da ƙara azama wajen yaɗa Hausa a kafafen yaɗa labarai na zamani.

i.              Cusa kishin Hausa ga Hausawa.

3.3        Sakamakon Nazari

Manya-manyan abubuwa da wannan nazari, ya gano akwai:

1.            Ma’anar mutuwar harshe da nau’o’in mutuwar harshe da matakan mutuwar harshe da mizanan mutuwar harshe da hanyoyin farfaɗo da harshe.

2.            Matsayin harshen Hausa dangane da mutuwar harshe.

3.            Nazarin ya gano darajar Hausa da nazarin Hausa yana zubewa, a idon Hausawa, musamman ga matasa.

Kammalawa

Wannan maƙala ta yi ƙoƙarin ansa tambayar ko harshen Hausa zai mutu? Nazarin ya fara ne da bayyana ma’anar mutuwar harshe. Inda aka nuna duk harshen da aka wayi gari babu mai iya magana da shi, to ya zama mataccen harshe. Nau’o’in mutuwar harshe su ne: Mutuwar gaggawa da mutuwar kisan gila da mutuwar tsanaki da mutuwa ta musamman. Dalilan da suke haifar da mutuwar harshe, suna da sassa biyu: (a) Dalilan na harshe (Linguistic factors), waɗanda suka haɗa da yawaita aro. Sai dalilai waɗanda ba na harshe ba (Extra linguistic factors), kamar: (a) addini (b) siyasa (c) tattalin arziki. Manyan matakan mutuwar harshe uku ne: (a) musanyawa (b) gurɓacewa (c) mutuwa. Mizanan mutuwar harshe, su ma uku ne: (a) tsayuwa (b) rauni (c) mutuwa. Idan aka danganta Hausa da mutuwar harshe, tabbas Hausa ba mataccen harshe ba ne. Akwai miliyoyin masu magana da shi. To kuma, ba ya cikin tsayayyun harsuna. Abin takaici, ya faɗo ne cikin harsuna masu rauni. Manyan dalilan da suka haifar da hakan, Hausa tana fuskantar babban ƙalubale daga Hausawa. Wato matsala ta cikin gida. Sannan akwai matsaloli na waje. Waɗanda suka haɗa da ɗunkewar duniya da barazanar manyan harsunan duniya wato ‘Ingilishi’. Amma wannan maƙala ta gano har yanzu ba a makara ba, akwai hanyoyin da za a bi don rage tsananin matsalar.

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